(95626) 2002 GZ32
Elongated centaur

(95626) 2002 GZ32
2002 GZ32 imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope on 26 February 2008
Discovery[1]
Discovered byMauna Kea Obs.[a]
Discovery siteMauna Kea Obs.
Discovery date13 April 2002
Designations
(95626) 2002 GZ32
centaur[2] · distant[1]
Orbital characteristics[2]
Epoch 5 May 2025 (JD 2460800.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc30.33 yr
Earliest precovery date29 March 1995
Aphelion27.991 AU
Perihelion18.003 AU
22.997 AU
Eccentricity0.2171
110.28 yr (40,281 days)
18.718°
0° 0m 32.174s / day
Inclination15.046°
107.295°
10 August 2019
155.376°
Known satellites0
Saturn MOID7.987 AU[1]
Uranus MOID1.400 AU[1]
Neptune MOID2.347 AU[1]
Physical characteristics
Dimensions366 × 306 × 120 km[3]
218±12 km (area equivalent)[3]
5.80±0.03 h[4][3]
0.043±0.007[3]
  • BR (TNO color class)[5]: 484 
  • B−V = 0.63±0.05[5]: 484 
  • V−R = 0.46±0.03[5]: 484 
  • V−I = 0.92±0.05[5]: 484 
~20[1][6]
7.39±0.06[3]: 6063 

(95626) 2002 GZ32 (provisional designation 2002 GZ32) is a centaur orbiting the Sun between Saturn and Neptune in the outer Solar System. It is one of the largest known centaurs, having a highly elongated shape that spans 366 km (227 mi) across its longest width to 120 km (75 mi) across its shortest.[3][7] The object was discovered on 13 April 2002 by astronomers at Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaiʻi.[8]

Due to 2002 GZ32's highly elongated shape, its apparent brightness oscillates as it rotates every 5.8 hours.[4][3] 2002 GZ32 has a dark gray surface that potentially contains water ice.[3]: 6063  It was the third centaur whose stellar occultation has been simultaneously observed by multiple people, after 10199 Chariklo and 2060 Chiron.

History

Discovery

2002 GZ32 imaged by the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope on 13 April 2002

2002 GZ32 was discovered on 13 April 2002 by astronomers at Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaiʻi.[8] The observatory's 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope and University of Hawaiʻi 2.24-meter telescope were used for the discovery of 2002 GZ32.[8] Astronomers involved in the discovery included Jana Pittichová, S. Ash, Karen Meech, James Bauer, David C. Jewitt, Richard Wainscoat, Daisuke Kinoshita, Junichi Watanabe, Tetsuharu Fuse, Marc Buie, Scott Sheppard, and N. Yamamoto.[8] The discovery of this object was announced by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) on 18 May 2002, after the object was reobserved in the same month.[8] In 2007, astronomer Andrew Lowe reported precovery observations of 2002 GZ32 in Palomar Observatory's Digitized Sky Survey images from March 1995 and May 1996, which helped improve calculations of the object's orbit.[9] These precovery observations remain as the earliest known detections of 2002 GZ32.[1]

Number and name

This object has the minor planet provisional designation 2002 GZ32, which was given by the MPC in the discovery announcement.[8] The provisional designation indicates the year and half-month of the object's discovery date.[10] 2002 GZ32 received its permanent minor planet catalog number of 95626 from the MPC on 28 October 2004.[11]

2002 GZ32 does not have a proper name; more than ten years has passed since the object was numbered, so the discoverers no longer have an exclusive privilege for naming this object.[1][12]: 6  According to naming guidelines by the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature, 2002 GZ32 should be named after a mythological centaur because it orbits between Jupiter and Neptune.[12]: 8 

Orbit

Diagram showing the orbit of 2002 GZ32 with the outer planets

2002 GZ32 orbits the Sun between Saturn and Neptune with an average orbital distance of 23 astronomical units (AU) and an orbital period of 110 years.[2] It follows an elliptical orbit that crosses paths with Uranus, bringing the object within 18 AU from the Sun at perihelion to as far as 28 AU at aphelion.[2] The orbit of 2002 GZ32 is inclined by roughly 15° with respect to the ecliptic or the orbital plane of the planets.[2] 2002 GZ32 is classified as a centaur, a type of small Solar System body generally[b] defined as orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune.[3]: 6062  Centaurs are believed to be primitive progenitors of short-period comets, originating from the scattered disc beyond Neptune.[3]: 6062 

Physical characteristics

Size, shape, and rotation

Infographic showing a comparison of sizes, albedo, and colors of various large centaurs
Comparison of sizes, albedos, and colors of various large centaurs with measured diameters. 2002 GZ32 is at the right in the top row.

2002 GZ32 is a highly elongated object with estimated ellipsoid dimensions of 366 km × 306 km × 120 km (227 mi × 190 mi × 75 mi).[3] Its size may be represented with an area equivalent diameter of 218 km (135 mi),[3]: 6071  which would make it one of the largest known centaurs after 10199 Chariklo and 2060 Chiron.[3]: 6063  The shape of 2002 GZ32 was revealed to astronomers when it occulted or passed in front of a star on 20 May 2017.[3][7] This occultation event was simultaneously observed by 6 out of 29 different telescopes across Europe, which allowed astronomers to map out the silhouette of 2002 GZ32's shape for the first time.[3][7] 2002 GZ32 was the third centaur whose stellar occultation has been simultaneously observed by multiple people, after 10199 Chariklo and 2060 Chiron.[c]

Observations from 2007 and 2017 showed that 2002 GZ32's apparent brightness oscillates sinusoidally with a double-peak period of 5.8 hours.[4]: 832 [3]: 6065  The rotation of 2002 GZ32's elongated body causes these brightness variations, so the observed double-peak period is equal to 2002 GZ32's rotation period.[3]: 6065  The minimum degree of elongation suggested by 2002 GZ32's brightness variations (a/b = 1.13 for Δm = 0.13 magnitudes) does not match the actual shape seen in the 2017 occultation, which indicates that the object's rotation axis must be tilted with respect to Earth's line of sight.[3]: 6069  Analysis of the 2017 occultation data suggests that the aspect angle between 2002 GZ32's rotation axis and Earth's line of sight was most likely 76°.[3]: 6069 

The observed shape and rotation period of 2002 GZ32 do not match theoretical predictions for a purely self-gravitating body, which means that 2002 GZ32 is not in hydrostatic equilibrium. This is expected because 2002 GZ32 is likely too small to be in hydrostatic equilibrium.[3]: 6069 

Surface

2002 GZ32 is a dark gray object[14]: 358  whose surface potentially contains water ice.[3]: 6063  It has a low geometric albedo of about 4%, similar to many other centaurs.[3]

Searches for surrounding material

Radio telescope observations from 2002 found no signs of carbon monoxide (CO) outgassing from 2002 GZ32, which places an upper limit CO production rate of 3.8×1028 molecules per second.[15]: 404  Observations of the 20 May 2017 stellar occultation by 2002 GZ32 showed no dense rings or debris surrounding the object, although thin rings with radial widths narrower than about a kilometer have not been ruled out.[3]: 6071 

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Minor Planet Center lists "Mauna Kea" as the discoverer without listing specific people.[1]
  2. ^ There is no universally agreed definition of a centaur, as different researchers have argued for using different criteria (see Centaur (small Solar System body)#Discrepant criteria). Regardless, centaurs are broadly cited as orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune.[3]
  3. ^ Santos-Sanz et al. (2021) say that 2002 GZ32 was the fourth centaur with multichord occultation observations (simultaneously observed by multiple people), citing a study of Bienor's 2019 multichord occultation that was not yet published at the time.[3] This Bienor multichord occultation study was later published by Fernández-Valenzuela et al. in 2023.[13] For the purpose of this article, we will consider 2002 GZ32 as the third centaur with multichord observations, according to the time order of the observation and publication date.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "(95626) = 2002 GZ32". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  2. ^ a b c d e "JPL Small-Body Database Lookup: 95626 (2002 GZ32)" (2025-07-26 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Santos-Sanz, P.; Ortiz, J. L.; Sicardy, B.; Benedetti-Rossi, G.; Morales, N.; Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; et al. (March 2021). "The 2017 May 20 stellar occultation by the elongated centaur (95626) 2002 GZ32". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 501 (4): 6062–6075. arXiv:2012.06621. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.501.6062S. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3881. S2CID 229156443.
  4. ^ a b c Dotto, E.; Perna, D.; Barucci, M. A.; Rossi, A.; de Bergh, C.; Doressoundiram, A.; et al. (November 2008). "Rotational properties of Centaurs and Trans-Neptunian Objects. Lightcurves and densities". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 490 (2): 829–833. Bibcode:2008A&A...490..829D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809615. S2CID 54705887.
  5. ^ a b c d Belskaya, Irina N.; Barucci, Maria A.; Fulchignoni, Marcello; Lazzarin, M. (April 2015). "Updated taxonomy of trans-neptunian objects and centaurs: Influence of albedo". Icarus. 250: 482–491. Bibcode:2015Icar..250..482B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.12.004.
  6. ^ "AstDys (95626) 2002GZ32 Ephemerides". Asteroids - Dynamic Site. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  7. ^ a b c "A "magnifying glass" look at one of the largest known centaurs". Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 August 2025. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Pittichova, J.; Meech, K. J.; Ash, S.; Bauer, J.; Jewitt, D. C.; Wainscoat, R.; et al. (18 May 2002). "MPEC 2002-K15 : 2002 FY36, 2002 GY32, 2002 GZ32, 2002 GA33, 2002 GB33". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. 2002-K15. Minor Planet Center. Bibcode:2002MPEC....K...15P. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  9. ^ Lowe, Andrew. "(95626) 2002 GZ32 Precovery Images". andrew-lowe.ca. Archived from the original on 8 September 2025. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  10. ^ "New- And Old-Style Minor Planet Designations". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  11. ^ "M.P.C. 52955" (PDF). Minor Planet Circulars (52955). Minor Planet Center: 109. 28 October 2004. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  12. ^ a b "Rules and Guidelines for Naming Non-Cometary Small Solar-System Bodies" (PDF). IAU Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature. 22 February 2025. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  13. ^ Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; Morales, N.; Vara-Lubiano, M.; Ortiz, J. L.; Benedetti-Rossi, G.; Sicardy, B.; et al. (January 2023). "The multichord stellar occultation by the centaur Bienor on January 11, 2019". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 669: A112. arXiv:2211.06931. Bibcode:2023A&A...669A.112F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243214. S2CID 253510891.
  14. ^ Fornasier, S.; Doressoundiram, A.; Tozzi, G. P.; Barucci, M. A.; Boehnhardt, H.; de Bergh, C.; et al. (July 2004). "ESO Large Program on physical studies of Trans-Neptunian objects and Centaurs: Final results of the visible spectrophotometric observations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 421: 353–363. Bibcode:2004A&A...421..353F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041221. S2CID 54983080.
  15. ^ Jewitt, David; Garland, Catherine A.; Aussel, Herve (January 2008). "Deep Search for Carbon Monoxide in Cometary Precursors Using Millimeter Wave Spectroscopy". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 135 (1): 400–407. Bibcode:2008AJ....135..400J. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/400. S2CID 121477792.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to (95626) 2002 GZ32.
  • (95626) 2002 GZ32 at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site
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  • (95626) 2002 GZ32 at the JPL Small-Body Database
    • Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit viewer · Orbit parameters · Physical parameters
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