King Bagdemagus
Character in Arthurian legend

Fictional character
Bademagu / Bagdemagus
Matter of Britain character
His attributed arms in prose cycles
First appearanceLancelot, the Knight of the Cart
Created byChrétien de Troyes
Based onPossibly Baeddan (Máel Umai?), Bômer
In-universe information
TitleSir, King
OccupationKing of Gorre, Knight of the Round Table
Significant otherPellinore's wife
ChildrenMaleagant, daughter(s)
RelativesUrien
OriginKingdom of Gorre [fr]
NationalityBriton

Bagdemagus (pronounced /ˈbægdɛˌmægəs/), also known as Bademagu and many other name variants, is a recurring character in the Arthurian legend. He is usually depicted as the king of the land of Gore (Gorre, Goere) and often as a Knight of the Round Table.

He originally figures in the Arthurian literature as the father of Maleagant, who abducts King Arthur's wife, Queen Guinevere, in several versions of this popular Arthurian motif. He first appears in French sources, but his character may have developed out of the earlier Welsh traditions of Guinevere's taking, as suggested by the distinctively otherworldly portrayal of his realm. He is depicted as a kinsman and ally of Arthur and a wise and virtuous king, despite the actions of his son. In later versions, his connection to Maleagant disappears entirely.

Origins

He is introduced in the Old French works of the late 12th century, but the principal episode in which he appears, the story of the abduction of Guinevere, developed out of significantly older traditions. Caradoc of Llancarfan's early 12th-century Latin Life of Gildas includes an episode in which she is kidnapped and taken to the Isle of Glass (i.e. Glastonbury Tor) by Melwas, King of the Summer Country, who is generally understood to be the original of Maleagant (Meliagrant[1]), his son in the French works. Some other texts testify to the early popularity of this story; a version of it is alluded to in the Welsh poem known as "The Dialogue of Melwas and Gwenhyfar", which survives in two variants,[2] and a Meloas, lord of the Isle of Glass, is mentioned in Chrétien de Troyes' French romance Erec and Enide.[3]

Chrétien's Bademagu might have originated with Baedan (or Baeddan), mentioned as the father of Maelwys in the early 12th-century Welsh romance Culhwch and Olwen.[4][5][6] This identification is supported by the proposal by E. K. Chambers that Maelwys is an alternate spelling of Melwas.[7] Rachel Bromwich and John Rhýs connected Maelwys with the historical Irish prince Máel Umai mac Báetáin, son of Báetán mac Muirchertaig.[4][8] Another theory points to the hagiography of Saint Bômer, also known as Bohamadus or Baumadus, from near Gorron in Normandy.[9][10][11]

Legend

Text Names
Of Arthour and of Merlin Baldemagu, Bandamagu[12]
King Artus Bano of Magoç[13]
Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart Bademagu, Bademaguz
Lancelot-Grail (Vulgate) Cycle Bademagu, Bademagus, Bademaguz, Baldemagu, Baldemagus, Bandemagu, Bandemagus, Bandomag, Baudemagu, Baudemagum, Baudemagus[14][15]
Lancelot of the Laik Brandymagus[16]
Merlin (English prose) Badmagn, Bandemagn, Bandemagu, Bawdemagn[17]
Merlin (Lovelich) Baudagu, Baudemagw, Baudemagws, Beudamagw[18]
Stanzaic Morte Arthur Bangdemagew[19]
Le Morte d'Arthur Bagdemagus, Basdemegus, Bawdemagus[20]
Parzival Poidikonjonz ("von Gors")[21]
Post-Vulgate Cycle Baladro del Sabio Merlín: Bandemagus;[22] Demanda do Santo Graal: Bandemaguz[23]
Second Continuation of Perceval, the Story of the Grail Bagomedés,[24] Bagommedes[25]
Sone de Nansai Baudemagus[26]
Belarusian Tristan Bandemagul, Bendemagul[27]
Prose Tristan Baldemagu, Bandemagu[28]
Tristano Panciatichiano Bandemagus[29]
La Vengeance Raguidel Bandemagu,[30] Bagdemagu[31]

The character first appears in Chrétien's Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, where Bademagu is the king of Gor[r]e, a mysterious land connected to Logres only by a bridge as sharp as a sword, wand here many people from Logres are kept prisoner. His son abducts Guinevere, who is later rescued by the hero Lancelot with his help.[1]

The story from Chrétien's Lancelot was rewritten, devoid of supernatural overtones, in the Vulgate Cycle. Here, he is initially an antagonistic character, fighting against Arthur together with his uncle Urien and later with Galahaut. Later, he fights for Arthur against Claudas, and also comes close to being cruelly killed by Pellinore when the latter finds out about the romance of him and his wife, but he is rescued by Gaheris. He eventually joins the Round Table at the age of 50[32] by taking the seat that had belonged to Ganor who was accidentally killed by Lancelot in a jousting tournament. He becomes a friend of Lancelot, who condemns his son's evil deeds and acknowledges that his death at the hands of Lancelot was deserved. Curiously, he is the King of Gorre at the same time as when Arthur's sister Morgan is described as the Queen of Gorre and lives there, but the connection between their characters and their status is not explicitly explained. After his death by Gawain (not described), Arthur mourns him more than any other knight lost during the Grail Quest.[33]

He is a very different character in the Post-Vulgate Cycle, in which he is a companion of Gawain and Yvain. Previously, he had also been the one who discovered the fate of Merlin in the course of his knight errant adventures having left the Round Table in anger after the admission of Tor, eventually becoming the King of Gorre. His death takes place in the Post-Vulgate Queste, after he discovers Mordred raping a young girl and promptly wounds him in a duel. Gawain, not knowing the identity of the knight who injured his brother, pursues him and gives him a mortal injury, but then despairs upon discovering the truth; he forgives Gawain before dying.

In the Stanzaic Morte Arthur, he survives the Grail Quest and joins Lancelot's faction against Arthur in the civil war over Guinevere. In Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, the link between him and 'Sir Meleagraunce' disappears (although he remains a cousin of 'Urienc reduced to a minor character, linked to Malory's version of Galehaut and likewise as a foe of Lancelot instead of his friend. He later becomes a "full good knight" and succeeds in joining the Round Table, but eventually he is somehow (without elaboration) killed by Gawain; Malory, apparently in error, then brings him back as one of Gawain's companions.[1]

In both Chrétien and Malory, he has an unnamed daughter who is an ally and friend of Lancelot, aiding his escape from respectively either Maleagant or Morgan in return for his helping her at another time. In Chrétien's Lancelot, she is mentioned as one of his daughters, suggesting that he has at least three children altogether.[1] The Vulgate Lancelot turns her into his stepdaughter.[1] He is also said to be the father of Meleagant and the son of Tadus in Sone de Nansai.[26]

Phyllis Ann Karr in her encyclopedia The Arthurian Companion gave two separate entries to "BADEMAGU, KING OF GORE" and "BAGDEMAGUS (Baudemagus), KING OF GORE": "While the Bademagu who appears in Chrétien's Lancelot clearly became the Bagdemagus of later romances [...] Chrétien's Bademagu would ever become a vassal or Arthur or any other earthly king, let alone one of Arthur's company of Round Table champions. Bademagu is too self-contained and, quite possibly if not probably, too unearthly."[1]

Modern Arthuriana

Vera Chapman's novel The King's Damosel has Bagdemagus (or rather just his namesake[1]) as a villain.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Karr, Phyllis Ann (1997). The Arthurian Companion: The Legendary World of Camelot and the Round Table. Chaosium. ISBN 978-1-56882-096-5.
  2. ^ Williams, p. 39.
  3. ^ Erec and Enide, line 1944.
  4. ^ a b Rhys, Sir John (1891). Studies in the Arthurian Legend. Clarendon Press.
  5. ^ Bruce, Christopher W. (1999). The Arthurian Name Dictionary. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-2865-0.
  6. ^ Duggan, Joseph J. (1 October 2008). The Romances of Chretien de Troyes. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13370-7.
  7. ^ Reno, Frank D. (10 January 2014). Arthurian Figures of History and Legend: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5824-0.
  8. ^ Bromwich and Evans, p. 69.
  9. ^ Collectif (1 January 1991). La légende arthurienne et la Normandie: Hommage à René Bansard (in French). FeniXX. ISBN 978-2-307-47669-6.
  10. ^ Bulletin Bibliographique de la Société Internationale Arthurienne. International Arthurian Society. 1984.
  11. ^ Bertin, Georges (1997). La quête du Saint-Graal et l'imaginaire: essai d'anthropologie arthurienne (in French). Éditions Charles Corlet. ISBN 978-2-85480-636-6.
  12. ^ Arthour and Merlin. Verlag von O. R. Reisland. 1890.
  13. ^ King Artus: A Hebrew Arthurian Romance of 1279. BRILL. 17 July 2018. ISBN 978-90-04-35465-4.
  14. ^ Lancelot, III (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 31 December 1974. ISBN 978-3-11-271839-1.
  15. ^ Sommer, Heinrich Oskar (1916). The Vulgate Version of the Arthurian Romances: Index. Carnegie Institution.
  16. ^ Skeat, Walter William (1865). Lancelot of the Laik: A Scottish Metrical Romance (about 1490-1500 A.D.). Trübner.
  17. ^ Merlin: Or, The Early History of King Arthur: a Prose Romance (about 1450-1460 A. D.). Edited from the Unique Ms. in the University Library, Cambridge. Early English Text Society. 1899.
  18. ^ Stanford University Publications: University series. Language and literature. Stanford University Press. 1959.
  19. ^ Benson, Larry D. (1 November 1994). King Arthur's Death: The Middle English Stanzaic Morte Arthur and Alliterative Morte Arthure. Medieval Institute Publications. ISBN 978-1-58044-463-7.
  20. ^ Stanford University Publications: University series. Language and literature. Stanford University Press. 1959.
  21. ^ Melanges de Philologie Romane Et de Litterature Medievale (in French). Slatkine. 1949.
  22. ^ Gracia, Paloma (1998). Baladro del sabio Merlín: (Burgos, Juan de Burgos, 1498) : guía de lectura (in Spanish). Centro Estudios Cervantinos. ISBN 978-84-88333-28-5.
  23. ^ Magne, Augusto (1955). A demanda do Santo Graal (in European Portuguese). Impresa Nacional.
  24. ^ The Complete Story of the Grail: Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval and Its Continuations. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 2015. ISBN 978-1-84384-400-6.
  25. ^ Nutt, Alfred (21 September 2018). Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-7340-4861-6.
  26. ^ a b Loomis, Roger Sherman (30 August 2005). Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61373-209-0.
  27. ^ Wilhelm, James J.; Jr, Lowry Nelson (17 June 2019). The Byelorussian Tristan. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-64732-1.
  28. ^ Lacy, Norris J. (1 February 2013). Text and Intertext in Medieval Arthurian Literature. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-81387-1.
  29. ^ Allaire, Gloria (2002). Italian Literature: Il tristano panciatichiano. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85991-645-5.
  30. ^ de Houdenc, Raoul; Roussineau, Gilles (2004). La vengeance Raguidel (in French). Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-00883-9.
  31. ^ Matthews, John (25 March 2003). Sir Gawain: Knight of the Goddess. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-62055-058-8.
  32. ^ Anonymous (1 August 2018). Quest of the Holy Grail. Broadview Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4604-0639-7.
  33. ^ Karr, Phyllis Ann (1997). The Arthurian Companion: The Legendary World of Camelot and the Round Table. Chaosium. ISBN 978-1-56882-096-5.

Sources

  • Bromwich, Rachel, and Evans, D. Simon (1992). Culhwch and Olwen: An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale. University of Wales Press.
  • Loomis, Roger Sherman (1997). Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance. Academy Chicago Publishers. ISBN 0-89733-436-1.
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