Tarangan language

Tarangan
Tarangan
Rau Jarjar
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Aru Islands
Native speakers	14,000 (2011)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Central–Eastern Aru Tarangan; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; tre – East Tarangan; txn – West Tarangan
Glottolog	east2465 East; west2538 West

Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia

Tarangan is one of the Aru languages, spoken by inhabitants of the Aru Islands in eastern Indonesia. There are two varieties of Tarangan: East and West Tarangan. These varieties are divergent, perhaps no closer than they are to Manombai, also spoken in the Arus. West Tarangan is a trade language of the southern islands.^[2]

Phonology

The following is the description for West Tarangan:^[3]

Consonants

Consonant phonemes^[3]
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	(p)	t̪		k	(ʔ)
Plosive	voiced	b	d	(dʒ)	(ɡ)
Fricative		ɸ	s
Flap			ɾ
Lateral			l
Approximant				j	w

/k/ can occur as a glottal [ʔ] intervocalically between two non-high vowels.^[3]
/ɸ/ is heard as a stop [p] syllable-final position.^[3]
/w j/ are heard as voiced stops [ɡ dʒ] in word-initial position and within a stressed noninitial syllable onset.^[3]

Vowels

Vowel phonemes^[3]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

/a i/ in unstressed positions are heard as [ə ɪ].^[3]
Sounds /e o/ are phonetically [e̝ o̝].^[3]

References

^ East Tarangan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
West Tarangan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Hughes, Jock (1987). "The languages of Kei, Tanimbar and Aru: Lexicostatistic classification" (PDF). In Soenjono Dardjowidjojo (ed.). Miscellaneous studies of Indonesian and other languages in Indonesia, part 9. NUSA 27. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 71–111.
^ a b c d e f g h Nivens, Richard (1992). "A Lexical Phonology of West Tarangan". Phonological Studies in Four Languages of Maluku. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.

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[e18-1] East Tarangan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
West Tarangan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Hughes, Jock (1987). "The languages of Kei, Tanimbar and Aru: Lexicostatistic classification" (PDF). In Soenjono Dardjowidjojo (ed.). Miscellaneous studies of Indonesian and other languages in Indonesia, part 9. NUSA 27. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. pp. 71–111.

[Nivens_1992-3] Nivens, Richard (1992). "A Lexical Phonology of West Tarangan". Phonological Studies in Four Languages of Maluku. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.