ルートレス・コーン(根なし円錐)は、かつては擬似クレーター[1]とも呼ばれ、真の火山噴火口に似た火山 地形であるが、溶岩が噴出した実際の火口ではないという点で異なる。惑星の地表下につながる マグマの導管が存在しないのが特徴である。
Rootless cones are formed by steam explosions as flowing hot lava crosses over a wet surface, such as a swamp, a lake, or a pond. The explosive gases break through the lava surface in a manner similar to a phreatic eruption, and the tephra builds up crater-like forms which can appear very similar to real volcanic craters.
Well known examples are found in Iceland such as the craters in the lake Mývatn (Skútustaðagígar), the Rauðhólar in the region of the capital city Reykjavík or the Landbrotshólar of South-Iceland's Katla UNESCO Global Geopark near Kirkjubæjarklaustur. Rootless cones have also been discovered in the Athabasca Valles region of Mars, where lava flows superheated groundwater in the underlying rocks.[2]
Volcanologists witnessed the formation of a rootless cone for the first time in history during a steam explosion in connection with the first eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in March 2010.[3]
Images
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"Rootless Cones" on Mars - due to lava flows interacting with water (MRO, January 4, 2013) (21°57′54″N 197°48′25″E / 21.965°N 197.807°E / 21.965; 197.807).
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Rootless Cones, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. These group of rings or cones are believed to be caused by lava flowing over water ice or ground containing water ice.[4][5] The ice quickly changes to steam which blows out a ring or cone.
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Rootless Cones, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. These group of rings or cones are believed to be caused by lava flowing over water ice or ground containing water ice. The ice quickly changes to steam which blows out a ring or cone. Here the kink in the chain may have been caused by the lava changing direction.
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Rootless Cones, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. These group of rings or cones are believed to be caused by lava flowing over water ice or ground containing water ice. The ice quickly changes to steam which blows out a ring or cone. Here the kink in the chain may have been caused by the lava changing direction. Some of the forms do not have the shape of rings or cones because maybe the lava moved too quickly; thereby not allowing a complete cone shape to form.
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HiWishプログラムによるHiRISEで撮影された、根のない松ぼっくりの広い範囲の眺め
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HiWishプログラムのHiRISEが捉えた、尾を持つ根のない円錐丘のクローズアップ画像。溶岩が氷に覆われた地面の上を南西方向へ移動していたことを示唆している。
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HiWishプログラムのHiRISEが撮影した、サッカー場ほどの大きさのコーンのクローズアップ画像
参照
参考文献
- ^ Burr, Devon M.; Bruno, Barbara C.; Lanagan, Peter D.; Glaze, Lori S.; Jaeger, Windy L.; Soare, Richard J.; Wan Bun Tseung, Jean-Michel; Skinner, James A.; Baloga, Stephen M. (2009). 「地球におけるメソスケール隆起縁陥没地(MRRD):火星における類似例の特徴、プロセス、空間分布のレビュー」. Planetary and Space Science . 57 ( 5–6 ): 579– 596. Bibcode :2009P&SS...57..579B. doi :10.1016/j.pss.2008.11.011.
- ^ Jaeger, WL et al. (2008) HiRISEが捉えた火星の水蒸気火山構造の形態特性と全球分布、Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX [1] PDF。2010年7月11日閲覧。
- ^ Kvöldfréttir Stöðvar Tvö "Viðtal við Ármann Höskuldsson eldfjallafræðing" Fréttastofa Stöðvar Tvö
- ^ Czechowski, Leszek; Zalewska, Natalia; Zambrowska, Anita; Ciazela, Marta; Witek, Piotr; Kotlarz, Jan (2023). 「火星のクリセ平原地域における円錐列の形成と、この過程の熱力学的側面」Icarus . 396. Bibcode : 2023Icar..39615473C. doi :10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115473. S2CID 256787389.
- ^ Czechowski, L., et al. 2023. 火星のクリセ平原地域における円錐列の形成とその過程の熱力学的側面. Icarus: Volume 396, 15 May 2023, 115473
外部リンク
- 擬似クレーターと火星(PDFファイル)
- 火星の円錐台と膨張した溶岩流
- 2010年のエイヤフィヤトラヨークトルの擬似クレーターの形成に関するビデオと写真