Java言語は、JDK 1.0以降、いくつかの変更が行われ、標準ライブラリにクラスとパッケージが多数追加されています。J2SE 1.4以降、Java言語の進化はJava Community Process (JCP)によって管理されており、Java仕様要求(JSR)を使用してJavaプラットフォームへの追加と変更を提案および指定しています。言語はJava言語仕様(JLS)によって指定され、JLSへの変更はJSR 901の下で管理されています。2017年9月、Javaプラットフォームのチーフアーキテクトであるマーク・ラインホールドは、当時の2年スケジュールではなく、リリーストレインを「6か月ごとに1つの機能リリース」に変更することを提案しました。[1] [2]この提案は、以降のすべてのバージョンに適用され、現在も現在のリリーススケジュールとなっています。
JEP 406は、instanceof演算で使用されるパターンマッチング構文をスイッチ文と式に拡張します。これにより、引数の型、nullケース、および絞り込みパターンに基づいてケースを選択できるようになります。
Object o = ...; return switch ( o ) { case null -> "Null" ; case String s -> "String %s" . formatted ( s ); case Long l -> "long %d" . formatted ( l ); case Double d -> "double %f" . formatted ( d ); case Integer i && i > 0 // パターンを絞り込む-> "positive int %d" . formatted ( i ); case Integer i && i == 0 -> "zero int %d" . formatted ( i ); case Integer i && i < 0 -> "negative int %d" . formatted ( i ); default -> o . toString (); };
Java 17のアップデート
Java SE 18
JDK 18は2022年3月22日にリリースされました。[383]
JEP 400: デフォルトで UTF-8
JEP 408: シンプルなWebサーバー
JEP 413: Java APIドキュメントのコードスニペット
JEP 416: メソッドハンドルを使ったコアリフレクションの再実装
JEP 417: ベクター API (第 3 インキュベータ)
JEP 418: インターネットアドレス解決 SPI
JEP 419: 外部関数とメモリ API (第 2 インキュベータ)
JEP 420: switch のパターンマッチング (第 2 プレビュー)
JEP 421: 削除のためのファイナライズを非推奨にする
Java 18のアップデート
Java SE 19
JDK 19は2022年9月20日にリリースされました。[392]
JEP 405: レコードパターン (プレビュー)
JEP 422: Linux/RISC-V ポート
JEP 424: 外部関数とメモリ API (プレビュー)
JEP 425: 仮想スレッド (プレビュー)
JEP 426: ベクター API (第 4 インキュベータ)
JEP 427: switch のパターンマッチング (第 3 プレビュー)
JEP 428: 構造化並行性(インキュベータ)
JEP 405 では、instanceof 演算子のパターン マッチング機能を拡張するレコード パターンと、スイッチ式を使用して、レコードのコンポーネントを明示的に参照するレコード パターンを含めることができます。
レコード長方形( int x , int y , int w , int h ) {}int area ( Object o ) { if ( o instanceof Rectangle ( int x , int y , int w , int h )) { return w * h ; } return 0 ; }
Java 22 was released on March 19, 2024.[417][418] The following features, or JEPs, were added with this release:
JEP 423: Region Pinning for G1
JEP 447: Statements before super(...) (Preview)
JEP 454: Foreign Function & Memory API
JEP 456: Unnamed Variables & Patterns
JEP 457: Class-File API (Preview)
JEP 458: Launch Multi-File Source-Code Programs
JEP 459: String Templates (Second Preview)
JEP 460: Vector API (Seventh Incubator)
JEP 461: Stream Gatherers (Preview)
JEP 462: Structured Concurrency (Second Preview)
JEP 463: Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Second Preview)
JEP 464: Scoped Values (Second Preview)
An API related to Java's threading implementation, java.lang.Thread.countStackFrames, was removed.[3][419]
Java SE 23
Java 23 was released on September 17, 2024,[420][421][422] with the following JEPs:
JEP 455: Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Preview)
JEP 466: Class-File API (Second Preview)
JEP 467: Markdown Documentation Comments
JEP 469: Vector API (Eighth Incubator)
JEP 473: Stream Gatherers (Second Preview)
JEP 471: Deprecate the Memory-Access Methods in sun.misc.Unsafe for Removal
JEP 474: ZGC: Generational Mode by Default
JEP 476: Module Import Declarations (Preview)
JEP 477: Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Third Preview)
JEP 480: Structured Concurrency (Third Preview)
JEP 481: Scoped Values (Third Preview)
JEP 482: Flexible Constructor Bodies (Second Preview)
The String Templates preview feature was removed in Java 23 due to issues with the design of the feature.[423]
Java SE 24
The specification for Java 24 was finalized in December 2024, with 24 JEPs making it into the release and it was released on 18 March 2025.[424]
The following JEPs were targeted to this version of Java SE:[425]
JEP 404: Generational Shenandoah (Experimental)
JEP 450: Compact Object Headers (Experimental) (formerly known as Project Lilliput)
JEP 472: Prepare to Restrict the Use of JNI
JEP 475: Late Barrier Expansion for G1
JEP 478: Key Derivation Function API (Preview)
JEP 479: Remove the Windows 32-bit x86 Port
JEP 483: Ahead-of-Time Class Loading & Linking
JEP 484: Class-File API
JEP 485: Stream Gatherers
JEP 486: Permanently Disable the Security Manager
JEP 487: Scoped Values (Fourth Preview)
JEP 488: Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Second Preview)
JEP 489: Vector API (Ninth Incubator)
JEP 490: ZGC: Remove the Non-Generational Mode
JEP 491: Synchronize Virtual Threads without Pinning
JEP 492: Flexible Constructor Bodies (Third Preview)
JEP 493: Linking Run-Time Images without JMODs
JEP 494: Module Import Declarations (Second Preview)
JEP 495: Simple Source Files and Instance Main Methods (Fourth Preview)
JEP 496: Quantum-Resistant Module-Lattice-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanism
JEP 497: Quantum-Resistant Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm
JEP 498: Warn upon Use of Memory-Access Methods in sun.misc.Unsafe
JEP 499: Structured Concurrency (Fourth Preview)
JEP 501: Deprecate the 32-bit x86 Port for Removal
Java SE 24 is the last release of Java to officially support the 32-bit x86 edition of Microsoft Windows 10.
Java SE 25 (LTS)
The specification for Java 25 was finalized in July 2025, with 18 JEPs making it into the release.[426] Java 25 was released on September 16, 2025.[427]
JEP 470: PEM Encodings of Cryptographic Objects (Preview)
JEP 502: Stable Values (Preview)
JEP 503: Remove the 32-bit x86 Port
JEP 505: Structured Concurrency (Fifth Preview)
JEP 506: Scoped Values
JEP 507: Primitive Types in Patterns, instanceof, and switch (Third Preview)
JEP 508: Vector API (Tenth Incubator)
JEP 509: JFR CPU-Time Profiling (Experimental)
JEP 510: Key Derivation Function API
JEP 511: Module Import Declarations
JEP 512: Compact Source Files and Instance Main Methods
JEP 513: Flexible Constructor Bodies
JEP 514: Ahead-of-Time Command-Line Ergonomics
JEP 515: Ahead-of-Time Method Profiling
JEP 518: JFR Cooperative Sampling
JEP 519: Compact Object Headers
JEP 520: JFR Method Timing & Tracing
JEP 521: Generational Shenandoah
Future features
Project Valhalla: Value classes, whose objects lack identity, but can in certain cases get an improved memory layout (with less indirection), or have their allocation optimized away entirely.
Project Panama:
Improved interoperability with native code, to enable Java source code to call functions and use data types from other languages, in a way that is easier and has better performance than today (this part of Project Panama is getting stabilized in Java 22 under JEP 454: Foreign Function & Memory API).
Vector API, a portable and relatively low-level abstraction layer for SIMD programming. Its stabilization is dependent on Project Valhalla.
Project Lilliput: Reduce the size of Java object headers. First down to 64 bits, and then down to 32 bits.
Reducing startup time and warm-up time (time to peak performance) in JIT mode:
Project CRaC enables making snapshots of whole JVM (together with the running application) and restoring it with necessary adjustments (reopening files, sockets, etc).
Project Leyden, among other things, will allow partial or (in the long term) full AOT compiling, reducing overall dynamism (by adopting so called "closed-world constraints") to reduce dynamic compiling overhead.
Project Babylon aims to extend the Java language's reach to alternative programming models with an enhancement to its reflective programming abilities, called code reflection (i.e., reflection over code itself). The stated main goal is to run Java code on GPUs, with SQL and other programming models as secondary targets.
Implementations
The officially supported Java platform, first developed at Sun and now stewarded by Oracle, is Java SE. Releases are based on the OpenJDK project, a free and open-source project with an open development model. Other Java implementations exist, however—in part due to Java's early history as proprietary software. In contrast, some implementations were created to offer some benefits over the standard implementation, often the result of some area of academic or corporate-sponsored research. Many Linux distributions include builds of OpenJDK through the IcedTea project started by Red Hat, which provides a more straightforward build and integration environment.
Visual J++ and the Microsoft Java Virtual Machine were created as incompatible implementations. After the Sun v. Microsoft lawsuit, Microsoft abandoned it and began work on the .NET platform. In 2021, Microsoft started distributing compatible "Microsoft Build of OpenJDK" for Java 11 first then also for Java 17. Their builds support not only Windows, but also Linux and macOS.
Other proprietary Java implementations are available, such as Azul's Zing. Azul offers certified open source OpenJDK builds under the Zulu moniker.
Prior to the release of OpenJDK, while Sun's implementation was still proprietary, the GNU Classpath project was created to provide a free and open-source implementation of the Java platform. Since the release of JDK 7, when OpenJDK became the official reference implementation, the original motivation for the GNU Classpath project almost completely disappeared, and its last release was in 2012.
The Apache Harmony project was started shortly before the release of OpenJDK. After Sun's initial source code release, the Harmony project continued, working to provide an implementation under a lax license, in contrast to the protective license chosen for OpenJDK. Google later developed Android and released it under a lax license. Android incorporated parts of the Harmony project, supplemented with Google's own Dalvik virtual machine and ART. Apache Harmony has since been retired, and Google has switched its Harmony components with equivalent ones from OpenJDK.
Both Jikes and Jikes RVM are open-source research projects that IBM developed.
Several other implementations exist that started as proprietary software, but are now open source. IBM initially developed OpenJ9 as the proprietary J9,[428] but has since relicensed the project and donated it to the Eclipse Foundation. JRockit is a proprietary implementation that was acquired by Oracle and incorporated into subsequent OpenJDK versions.
Most commonly used implementations in 2025
Amazon developed Corretto,[429] a no-cost, multiplatform, production-ready distribution of OpenJDK with long-term support that includes performance enhancements and security fixes. Corretto is certified as compatible with the Java SE standard and is used internally at Amazon for many production services.
The Eclipse Temurin project,[430] formerly known as AdoptOpenJDK, provides prebuilt OpenJDK binaries from a fully open source build farm. The project transitioned to the Eclipse Foundation in 2021 as part of the Adoptium Working Group, which ensures high-quality, vendor-neutral Java runtime distributions.
BellSoft Liberica JDK[431] is another OpenJDK-based implementation that provides builds for a wide range of platforms, including support for embedded systems and older architectures. It offers both standard and "Full" versions that include additional components like JavaFX.
SAP Machine[432] is SAP's downstream distribution of OpenJDK, optimized for SAP applications and deployments. It provides both short-term and long-term support releases aligned with OpenJDK's release schedule.
Alibaba Dragonwell[433] is a downstream version of OpenJDK with some in-house optimizations. It includes enhancements in startup performance, footprint, and throughput.
GraalVM[434] represents a significant departure from traditional Java implementations. Developed by Oracle Labs, it provides a polyglot virtual machine supporting multiple languages beyond Java, including JavaScript, Python, Ruby, and R. GraalVM includes an advanced just-in-time compiler written in Java and supports ahead-of-time compilation for creating native executables, substantially reducing startup time and memory footprint.
Red Hat build of OpenJDK[435] is Red Hat's supported distribution of OpenJDK for Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Windows, providing long-term support and regular updates as part of Red Hat's subscription offerings.
The Semeru Runtime,[436] based on the Eclipse OpenJ9 JVM and OpenJDK class libraries, is IBM's no-cost Java runtime optimized for cloud deployments. It offers improved startup time, smaller memory footprint, and better throughput compared to HotSpot-based implementations.
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