Donsker classes

A class of functions is considered a Donsker class if it satisfies Donsker's theorem, a functional generalization of the central limit theorem.

Definition

Let ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}$ be a collection of square integrable functions on a probability space ${\displaystyle ({\mathcal {X}},{\mathcal {A}},P)}$ . The empirical process ${\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{n}}$ is the stochastic process on the set ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}$ defined by $${\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{n}(f)={\sqrt {n}}(\mathbb {P} _{n}-P)(f)}$$ where ${\displaystyle \mathbb {P} _{n}}$ is the empirical measure based on an iid sample ${\displaystyle X_{1},\dots ,X_{n}}$ from ${\displaystyle P}$ .

The class of measurable functions ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}$ is called a Donsker class if the empirical process ${\displaystyle (\mathbb {G} _{n})_{n=1}^{\infty }}$ converges in distribution to a tight Borel measurable element in the space ${\displaystyle \ell ^{\infty }({\mathcal {F}})}$ .

By the central limit theorem, for every finite set of functions ${\displaystyle f_{1},f_{2},\dots ,f_{k}\in {\mathcal {F}}}$ , the random vector ${\displaystyle (\mathbb {G} _{n}(f_{1}),\mathbb {G} _{n}(f_{2}),\dots ,\mathbb {G} _{n}(f_{k}))}$ converges in distribution to a multivariate normal vector as ${\displaystyle n\rightarrow \infty }$ . Thus the class ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}$ is Donsker if and only if the sequence ${\displaystyle (\mathbb {G} _{n})_{n=1}^{\infty }}$ is asymptotically tight in ${\displaystyle \ell ^{\infty }({\mathcal {F}})}$ ^[1]

Examples and Sufficient Conditions

Classes of functions which have finite Dudley's entropy integral are Donsker classes. This includes empirical distribution functions formed from the class of functions defined by ${\displaystyle \mathbb {I} _{(-\infty ,t]}}$ as well as parametric classes over bounded parameter spaces. More generally any VC class is also Donsker class.^[2]

Properties

Classes of functions formed by taking infima or suprema of functions in a Donsker class also form a Donsker class.^[2]

Donsker's Theorem

Donsker's theorem states that the empirical distribution function, when properly normalized, converges weakly to a Brownian bridge—a continuous Gaussian process. This is significant as it assures that results analogous to the central limit theorem hold for empirical processes, thereby enabling asymptotic inference for a wide range of statistical applications.^[3]

The concept of the Donsker class is influential in the field of asymptotic statistics. Knowing whether a function class is a Donsker class helps in understanding the limiting distribution of empirical processes, which in turn facilitates the construction of confidence bands for function estimators and hypothesis testing.^[3]

See also

• Empirical process
• Central limit theorem
• Brownian bridge
• Glivenko–Cantelli theorem
• Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory
• Weak convergence (probability)

References

1. van der Vaart, A. W.; Wellner, Jon A. (2023). Weak Convergence and Empirical Processes. Springer Series in Statistics. p. 139. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29040-4. ISBN 978-3-031-29038-1.
2. Vaart AW van der. Asymptotic Statistics. Cambridge University Press; 1998.
3. van der Vaart, A. W., & Wellner, J. A. (1996). Weak Convergence and Empirical Processes. In Springer Series in Statistics. Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2545-2