Belomancy

Belomancy, also bolomancy, is the ancient art of divination by use of arrows.^[1] The word is built upon Ancient Greek: βέλος, romanized: belos, lit. 'arrow, dart', and μαντεία, manteia, 'divination'. Belomancy was anciently practiced at least by Babylonians, Greeks, Arabs and Scythians.

Practice

Arrows were typically marked with occult symbols, with feathers for every known method.^{[citation needed]} In one example, different possible answers to a given question were written and tied to each arrow; for example, three arrows would be marked with the phrases, God orders it me, God forbids it me, and the third would be blank: the arrow that flew the furthest indicated the answer. Another method involves the same idea, but instead without shooting arrows. They would simply be shuffled in a quiver, worn preferably on the back, and the first arrow to be drawn indicated the answer. If a blank arrow was drawn, they would redraw.^{[citation needed]}

History

Use of belomancy dates to ancient times; it is likely mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel 21:21, shown below in the original Hebrew and translated to English in the New American Standard Bible:

כִּי-עָמַד מֶלֶךְ-בָּבֶל אֶל-אֵם הַדֶּרֶךְ, בְּרֹאשׁ שְׁנֵי הַדְּרָכִים--לִקְסָם-קָסֶם: קִלְקַל בַּחִצִּים שָׁאַל בַּתְּרָפִים, רָאָה בַּכָּבֵד.

"For the king of Babylon stands at the parting of the way, at the head of the two ways, to use divination; he shakes the arrows, he consults the teraphim, he looks at the liver."

Jerome agrees with this understanding of the verse, and observes that the practice was frequent among the Assyrians and Babylonians. (Something like it is also mentioned in Hosea 4:12, although a staff or rod is used instead of arrows, which is rhabdomancy rather than belomancy.)^[a]

Islam

Verse 3 of Surah Al-Ma'idah in the Qur'an forbids belomancy (الأزلام),^[2] while verse 90 of Surah Al-Ma'idah states literally^[3]

يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ إِنَّمَا ٱلْخَمْرُ وَٱلْمَيْسِرُ وَٱلْأَنصَابُ وَٱلْأَزْلَـٰمُ رِجْسٌۭ مِّنْ عَمَلِ ٱلشَّيْطَـٰن

^[b]فَٱجْتَنِبُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ

"O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling, sacrificing on stone alters to other than Allah, and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful."

Pre-Islamic Arabia

Belomancy is also attested in pre-Islamic Arab religion. In his Book of Idols, early Muslim historian Ibn al-Kalbi mentions that there were seven divination arrows in front of the statue of Hubal in the Kaaba.^[4]

Notes

1. Grotius (as well as Jerome) confounds the two together, and shows that it prevailed much among the Magi, Chaldeans, and Scythians, from which it passed to the Slavonians, and then to the Germans, whom Tacitus observes to make use of it.^{[citation needed]}
2. Phonetic transliteration:

   Yā 'Ayyuhā Al-Ladhīna 'Āmanū 'Innamā Al-Khamru Wa Al-Maysiru Wa Al-'Anşābu
   

   Wa Al-'Azlāmu Rijsun Min `Amali Ash-Shayţāni Fājtanibūhu La`allakum Tufliĥūn

References

Sources

1. Buckland (1876).
2. Sinai (2019), p. 133.
   Sinai (2020), pp. 33, 43.
3. Student Book Grade 9. 2021. pp. 197, 198.
4. Ibn-al-Kalbi (1950), pp. 21, 22.

Works cited

• Buckland, A. W. (1876). "Rhabdomancy and Belomancy, or Divination by the Rod and by the Arrow". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 5: 436–450. JSTOR 2841115.
• Chambers, Ephraim (1728). "Belomancy". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). London: Prepared by Chambers for J. and J. Knapton, and others. p. 96 (BEN) – via UW-Madison Libraries.
• Ibn-al-Kalbi, Hisham (1950). Kitāb al-ʾAṣnām (كتاب الأصنام) [The Book Of Idols]. Princeton Oriental Studies. Vol. 14. Translated by Nabih Amin Faris. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–74. ISBN 9780691653419 – via Internet Archive.
• Sinai, Nicolai (2019). "The Qur'ān's dietary tetralogue: a diachronic reconstruction". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 46. Magnes Press (HUJ) & Max Schloessinger Memorial Foundation: 113–146 – via Academia, Inc.
  • 2018 [©️ 2020] Original manuscript: pp. 1–50  – via Oxford University Research Archive (ROA).
• Student Book Grade 9 (PDF). Islamic Education. Vol. 2. United Arab Emirates Ministry of Education. 2021–2022. pp. 1–291.