Large denominations of United States currency

Large denominations of United States currency greater than $100 were circulated by the United States Treasury until 1969. Since then, U.S. dollarbanknotes have been issued in seven denominations: $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100.

Overview and history

Large-denomination currency (i.e., banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher)[1] had been used in the United States since the late 18th century.[2] The first $500 note was issued by North Carolina, authorized by legislation dated May 10, 1780.[3]Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printing of $500 and $1,000 notes on October 16, 1780,[4] and $2,000 notes on May 7, 1781.[5] High-denomination treasury notes were issued; for example, during the War of 1812 ($1,000 notes authorized by an act dated June 30, 1812).[6] During the American Civil War, Confederate currency included $500 and $1,000 notes.[7] The earliest (1861) federal banknotes included high-denomination notes such as three-year interest-bearing notes of $500, $1,000, and $5,000, authorized by Congress on July 17, 1861.[8] In total, 11 different types of U.S. currency were issued in high-denomination notes across nearly 20 different series dates. The obverse designs of United States banknotes generally depict either historical figures, allegorical figures symbolizing significant concepts (e.g., liberty, justice), or both. The reverse designs range from abstract scroll-work with ornate denomination identifiers to reproductions of historical art works.

Public versus institutional use

Series 1934 gold certificates ($100; $500; $1,000; $10,000; and $100,000) were issued after the gold standard was repealed and gold was compulsorily confiscated by order of President Franklin Roosevelt on March 9, 1933 (see United States Executive Order 6102). Thus, the series 1934 notes were used only for intragovernmental (i.e., Federal Reserve Bank) transactions and were not issued to the public.[9] This series was discontinued in 1940. The series 1928 gold certificate reverse was printed in black and green (see History of the United States dollar).

Passive retirement

Although they remain legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed on December 27, 1945, and were officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System[10] because of "lack of use".[11] The lower production $5,000 and $10,000 notes had effectively disappeared well before then.[nb 1]

Beginning in July 1969, the Federal Reserve began removing high-denomination currency from circulation and destroying any large bills returned by banks.[11] As of May 30, 2009, only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist, along with 342 $5,000 bills, 165,372 $1,000 bills and fewer than 75,000 $500 bills (of over 900,000 printed).[12][13] Due to their rarity, collectors pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them, and some are in museums.

These larger denomination bills were mainly used by banks and the federal government for large financial transactions, which was especially true for gold certificates from 1865 to 1934. The introduction of electronic money systems has made large-scale cash transactions mostly obsolete. Concerns about counterfeiting and the use of cash for unlawful activities such as drug trafficking and money laundering have also caused the U.S. government not to reissue any large-denomination currency.

According to the U.S. Department of Treasury website, "The present denominations of our currency in production are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal. Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today."[14] In June 2024, Representative Paul Gosar introduced a bill into congress to force the Federal Reserve to restart issuance of $500 bills and adopt a new design that would feature then former President Donald Trump in its portrait.[15][16] Subsequently, in 2025 a bill was introduced in Congress to issue a $250 note, also with Trump's portrait.[17]

High-denomination banknote issuing data

Key to high denomination banknote type abbreviations[nb 2]
Abbr Type Size[nb 3]Series dates High denomination series date Comments
$500$1,000$5,000$10,000$100,000
LT Legal tenderLarge 1862–1923 1862186318691874187518781880 18621863186918781880 1878 1878 – [nb 4]
CITN Compound interest treasury noteException 1863–1864 18631864 1864 – – –
IBN Interest bearing noteException 1861–1865 1861186318641865 1861186318641865 1861186318641865 – – [nb 5]
SC Silver certificateLarge 1878–1923 18781880 187818801891 – – –
TN Treasury noteLarge 1890–1891 1891[nb 6]18901891 – – –
NBN National bank noteLarge 1865–1875 18651875 18651875 – – –
FRN Federal reserve noteLarge 1914–1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 –
NGBN National gold bank noteLarge 1870–1883 1870[nb 7]–[nb 8]– – – [nb 9]
GC Gold certificateLarge[nb 10]1865–1922 18651870187518821922 186518701875188219071922 1865187018821888 186518701875188218881900 –
FRN Federal reserve note Small 1928–present 19281934 19281934 19281934 19281934 –
GC Gold certificate Small 1928–1934[nb 11]1928 19281934 1928 19281934 1934

Table of banknotes

The National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution contains the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) certified proofs and the Treasury Department collection of United States currency. Using a combination of proofs and issued notes, a nearly complete type set of high-denomination currency was compiled. Notably missing are several types of Compound and Interest Bearing Notes. Printed during the early to mid-1860s on very thin paper, these high-denomination notes are virtually non-existent. Their issuance (1861–65) predates the BEP's responsibility for U.S. currency (1870s), so very few proofs exist in the current archives.

High denomination United States banknotes[nb 12]
Value Type Series Friedberg number Image Portrait/engraving[nb 13]Comments[nb 14]
000500$500 LT 1862–1863 Fr.183c $500 Legal Tender note, Series 1862–63, Fr.183c, depicting Albert Gallatin.Gallatin-AlbertAlbert Gallatin4 known (variety)7 known (type)[24]
000500$500 LT 1869 Fr.184 $500 Legal Tender note, Series 1869, Fr.184, depicting John Quincy Adams.Adams-John-QuincyJohn Quincy Adams(Charles Burt)[25]Justice(Stephen A. Schoff)[26]4 known (only one privately)[27]
000500$500 LT 1874–1878 Fr.185b $500 Legal Tender note, Series 1874–78, Fr.185b, depicting Joseph Mansfield.Mansfield-JosephJoseph Mansfield(Charles Burt)[25]Victory(Charles Burt)[28]
000500$500 LT 1880 Fr.185l $500 Legal Tender note, Series 1880, Fr.185l, depicting Joseph Mansfield.Mansfield-JosephJoseph Mansfield(Charles Burt)[25]Victory(Charles Burt)[28]5 known (variety)[nb 15]
000500$500 CITN 1864 Fr.194aProof $500 Compound Interest Treasury Note, Series 1864, Fr.194a, depicting a soldier and a ship.zStandard Bearer-New IronsidesStandard Bearer (left)(George D. Baldwin)[30]New Ironsides (right)(James Smillie)[31]Unknown[32]
000500$500 SC 1878 Fr.345a $500 Silver Certificate, Series 1878, Fr.345a, depicting Charles SumnerSumner-CharlesCharles Sumner(Charles Burt)[25]Unique (variety and type)[33]
000500$500 SC 1880 Fr.345c $500 Silver Certificate, Series 1880, Fr.345c, depicting Charles SumnerSumner-CharlesCharles Sumner(Charles Burt)[25]5 known (variety)7 known (type)[33]
000500$500 TN 1891 Fr.379Proof $500 Treasury note (1890–91) proof, Series 1891, unreported Friedberg number, depicting William Tecumseh Sherman.Sherman-WilliamWilliam Tecumseh ShermanNone issued[34]
000500$500 NBN 1865–1875 Fr.464 $500 National Bank Note, Original Series, Fr.464, vignette depicting Civilization; Sirius arriving in New York (obv); Surrender of General Burgoyne (rev).zCivilization-Sirius-BurgoyneCivilization (left)(James D. Smillie)[35]Sirius arriving in New York (right)Surrender of General Burgoyne (rev)(Frederick Girsch)[36]2 known (variety)3 known (type)[37]
000500$500 FRN 1918 Fr.1132d $500 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918, Fr.1132d, depicting John Marshal.Marshall-JohnJohn Marshall(Charles Schlecht)[38]de Soto discovering the Mississippi (rev)(Frederick Girsch)[36]
000500$500 GC 1863 Fr.1166dProof $500 Gold Certificate, Series 1865, Fr.1166d, with a vignette of an eagle and shield (left).zEagle-shieldEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum(Charles Skinner)[39]Unknown[40]
000500$500 GC 1870–1875 Fr.1166i $500 Gold Certificate, Series 1870, Fr.1166i, depicting Abraham LincolnLincoln-AbrahamAbraham Lincoln(Charles Burt)[25]Unique[40]
000500$500 GC 1882–1922 Fr.1216a $500 Gold Certificate, Series 1882, Fr.1216a, depicting Abraham LincolnLincoln-AbrahamAbraham Lincoln(Charles Burt)[25]
000500$500 FRN 1928–1934 Fr.2200g $500 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1928, Fr.2200g, depicting William McKinley.McKinley-WilliamWilliam McKinley(John Eissler)[41]
000500$500 GC 1928 Fr.2407 $500 Gold Certificate, Series 1928, Fr.2407, depicting William McKinley.McKinley-WilliamWilliam McKinley(John Eissler)[41]
001000$1,000 LT 1862–1863 Fr.186e $1,000 Legal Tender note, Series 1862–63, Fr.186e, depicting Robert Morris.Morris-RobertRobert Morris(Charles Schlecht)[38]Unique (variety)5 known (type)[42]
001000$1,000 LT 1869 Fr.186fProof Clinton-DeWittDeWitt Clinton2 known[43]
001000$1,000 LT 1878 Fr.187a $1,000 Legal Tender note, Series 1878, Fr.187a, depicting DeWitt Clinton.Clinton-DeWittDeWitt ClintonColumbus in his study(Henry Gugler)[44]
001000$1,000 LT 1880 Fr.187k $1,000 Legal Tender note, Series 1880, Fr.187k, depicting DeWitt Clinton.Clinton-DeWittDeWitt ClintonColumbus in his study(Henry Gugler)[44]4 known (variety)~20–25 known (type)[nb 16]
001000$1,000 IBN 1863 Fr.201Proof $1,000 Interest Bearing Note, Series 1863, Fr.201, depicting vignettes of Justice and Liberty.zJustice-LibertyJustice (left); Liberty (right) Unknown[45]
001000$1,000 IBN 1863 Fr.206Proof $1,000 Interest Bearing Note, Series 1863, Fr.206, depicting ships at battle and conquistadors.zShipsGuerriere and the Constitution (left) and Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto (right) Unknown[46]
001000$1,000 SC 1878 Fr.346aProof $1000 Silver Certificate, Series 1878, Fr.346a, depicting William MarcyMarcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy(Charles Schlecht)[38]Unknown[47]
001000$1,000 SC 1880 Fr.346d $1000 Silver Certificate, Series 1880, Fr.346d, depicting William MarcyMarcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy(Charles Schlecht)[38]5 known (variety)5 known (type)[47]
001000$1,000 SC 1891 Fr.346e $1000 Silver Certificate, Series 1891, Fr.346e, depicting William MarcyMarcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy(Charles Schlecht)[38]Liberty(Charles Burt)[48]2 known[47]
001000$1,000 TN 1890 Fr.379a $1,000 Treasury note (1890–91), Series 1890, Fr.379a, depicting George Meade.Meade-GeorgeGeorge Meade(Charles Burt)[25]5 known (variety)7 known (type)[49]
001000$1,000 TN 1891 Fr.379c $1,000 Treasury note (1890–91), Series 1891, Fr.379c, depicting George Meade.Meade-GeorgeGeorge Meade(Charles Burt)[25]2 known (variety)3 known (type)[49]
001000$1,000 NBN 1865–1875 Fr.465Proof $1,000 National Bank Note proof, Series 1875, Fr.465, vignette depicting (obv) Scott's entrance into Mexico City (rev) Washington surrendering his commission.zScott-Winfield-Washington-GeorgeScott entering City of Mexico (left)(Alfred Jones)[50]United States Capitol (right)(James Smillie)[31]Washington resigning his commission (rev)(Frederick Girsch)[36]Unknown[51]
001000$1,000 FRN 1918 Fr.1133d $1,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918, Fr.1133d, depicting Alexander Hamilton.Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton(G.F.C. Smillie)[52]Eagle (rev)(Marcus W. Baldwin)[53]
001000$1,000 GC 1863 Fr.1166eProof $1,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1865, Fr.1166e, with a vignette of an eagle and shield (left) and justice (bottom center).zEagle-shield-Justice-scalesEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum(Charles Skinner)[39]Justice with scales Unique[40]
001000$1,000 GC 1870–1875 Fr.1166oProof $1,000 Gold Certificate proof, Series 1875, Fr.1166j, depicting Alexander HamiltonHamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton(Charles Burt)[54]Unique[40]
001000$1,000 GC 1882 Fr.1218g $1,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1882, Fr.1218g, depicting Alexander HamiltonHamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton(G.F.C. Smillie)[52]
001000$1,000 GC 1907–1922 Fr.1219 $1,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1907, Fr.1219, depicting Alexander HamiltonHamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
001000$1,000 FRN 1928–1934 Fr.2210g $1,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1928, Fr.2210g, depicting Grover Cleveland.Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland(John Eissler)[41]
001000$1,000 GC 1928 Fr.2408 $1,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1928, Fr.2408, depicting Grover Cleveland.Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland(John Eissler)[41]
001000$1,000 GC 1934 Fr.2409 $1,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934, Fr.2409, depicting Grover Cleveland.Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland(John Eissler)[41]
005000$5,000 LT 1878 Fr.188Proof $5,000 Legal Tender note proof, Series 1878, Fr.188, depicting James Madison.Madison-JamesJames Madison(Alfred Sealey)[55]Eagle(William Chorlton)[56]All notes have been redeemed, none outstanding[20]
005000$5,000 IBN 1863 Fr.202Proof $5,000 Interest Bearing Note proof, Series 1863, Fr.202, with vignette Altar of Liberty.zAltar-of-LibertyThe Altar of Liberty(Louis Delnoce)[57]Unknown[45]
005000$5,000 IBN 1865 Fr.212hProof $5,000 Interest Bearing Note proof, Series 1865, Fr.212h, vignettes depicting justice (left) and the ship New Ironsides (center).zJustice-New IronsidesJustice (left) New Ironsides (center)(James Smillie)[31]
005000$5,000 FRN 1918 Fr.1134d $5,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918, Fr.1134d, depicting James Madison.Madison-JamesJames Madison(Alfred Sealey)[58]Washington resigning his commission (rev)(Louis Delnoce)[57]Unique (variety)5 known (type)[nb 17]
005000$5,000 GC 1863 Fr.1166fProof $5,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1865, Fr.1166f, with a vignette of an eagle and shield (left) and justice (bottom center).zEagle-Shield-FemaleEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum(Charles Skinner)[39]Female Unique[40]
005000$5,000 GC 1870–1875 Fr.1166kProof $5,000 Gold Certificate proof, Series 1870, Fr.1166k, depicting James MadisonMadison-JamesJames Madison(Alfred Sealey)[54]Unknown[40]
005000$5,000 GC 1882 Fr.1221aProof $5,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1882, Fr.1221a, depicting James MadisonMadison-JamesJames Madison(Alfred Sealey)[60]Two known[40]
005000$5,000 FRN 1928–1934 Fr.2220g $5,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1928, Fr.2220g, depicting James Madison.Madison-JamesJames Madison(Alfred Sealey)[60]
005000$5,000 GC 1928 Fr.2410 $5,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1928, Fr.2410, depicting James Madison.Madison-JamesJames Madison
010000$10,000 LT 1878 Fr.189Proof $10,000 Legal Tender note proof, Series 1878, Fr.189, depicting Anderw Jackson.Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson(Alfred Sealey)[61]All notes have been redeemed, none outstanding[20]
010000$10,000 FRN 1918 Fr.1135d $10,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918, Fr.1135d, depicting Salmon P. Chase.Chase-SalmonSalmon Chase; Embarkation of the Pilgrims (rev) Unique (variety)5 known (type)[nb 18]
010000$10,000 GC 1863 Fr.1166gProof $10,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1865, Fr.1166g, with a vignette of an eagle and shield (left) and justice (bottom center).zEagle-ShieldEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum(Charles Skinner)[39]Unknown[40]
010000$10,000 GC 1870–1875 Fr.1166lProof $10,000 Gold Certificate proof, Series 1875, Fr.1166l, depicting Andrew JacksonJackson-AndrewAndrew JacksonUnique[40]
010000$10,000 GC 1882 Fr.1223aProof $10,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1882, Fr.1223a, depicting Andrew JacksonJackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson(Alfred Sealey)[60]Two known[40]
010000$10,000 GC 1900 Fr.1225 $10,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1900, Fr.1225, depicting Andrew JacksonJackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson(Alfred Sealey)[60]
010000$10,000 FRN 1928–1934 Fr.2230b $10,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1928, Fr.2230b, depicting Salmon P. Chase.Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase
010000$10,000 GC 1928 Fr.2411 $10,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1928, Fr.2411, depicting Salmon P. Chase.Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase
010000$10,000 GC 1934 Fr.2412 $10,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934, Fr.2412, depicting Salmon P. Chase.Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase
100000$100,000 GC 1934 Fr.2413 $100,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934, Fr.2413, depicting Woodrow Wilson.Wilson-WoodrowWoodrow Wilson(G.F.C. Smillie)[52]Reverse(Frederick Pauling)[62]Was never in circulation; cannot legally be privately held other than uniface specimen examples

See also

References

Explanatory footnotes

  1. ^One hundred $10,000 bills were on display for many years by Benny Binion at Binion's Horseshoe casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, where they were encased in acrylic. The display has since been dismantled and the bills sold to private collectors.
  2. ^The following types of United States banknotes were not issued in high denominations and are not included in the list below: Demand notes, Federal Reserve bank notes (large or small size), legal tender (small size), silver certificates (small size), National Bank Notes (small size)[18] The table sections are sorted by their appearance in the Friedberg reference book.
  3. ^ Large size notes represent the earlier types or series of U.S. banknotes. Their "average" dimension is 7+3⁄8 × 3+1⁄8 inches (187 × 79 mm). Small size notes (described as such due to their size relative to the earlier large size notes) are an "average" 6+1⁄8 × 2+5⁄8 (156 × 67 mm), the size of modern U.S. currency. "Each measurement is ± 0.08 inches (2 mm) to account for margins and cutting".[19] Exceptions to the large versus small categories are the CITN, IBN, and RC, all slightly larger than the large size note dimensions.
  4. ^All Series 1878 $5,000 and $10,000 notes have been redeemed.[20]
  5. ^Issued HD IBNs are virtually unknown. There may be one $500 and 2–3 $1,000 known from all issue dates.[21]
  6. ^A $500 Series 1891 Treasury Note was authorized and a certified proof was prepared, but the note was never issued.[22]
  7. ^Three banks issued $500 NBGN. None are reported, only four notes have not been redeemed.
  8. ^The Kidder National Gold Bank of Boston received two-note $500–$1,000 sheets from the Treasury. The bank returned the shipment intact.
  9. ^No issued notes or proofs exist of either $500 or $1,000 NGBN
  10. ^Despite the authorizing act date of 3 March 1863, Gold certificates were not issued until 1865.[23]
  11. ^Series 1934 Gold certificates were never intended for public circulation.
  12. ^The table is sorted by denomination and then by Friedberg number.
  13. ^When the information is available, the engraver's name has been added in parentheses. Column sorting is based on the individual depicted in the portrait.
  14. ^Variety is the Friedberg number, or specific combination of signatures and seal type; type represents all the varieties that exist for a given denomination and design, it is the total number of note known for the entire design type.
  15. ^Of the 5 known notes, 4 are in institutional collections.[29]
  16. ^Of the 4 known notes, 2 are in institutional collections.[29]
  17. ^None exist outside of institutional collections.[59]
  18. ^ None exist outside of institutional collections.[59]

Citations

  1. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, pp. 232–35.
  2. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 22.
  3. ^Newman, 2008, p. 326.
  4. ^Newman, 2008, p. 454.
  5. ^Newman, 2008, p. 455.
  6. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 32.
  7. ^Fricke, 2014, p. 122 & 124.
  8. ^United States Congress. Act of July, 17 1861 Chapter V. Washington D.C.: 1861
  9. ^"CHAPTER 3000: CUSTODY OF GOLD CERTIFICATES, SERIES OF 1934". US Treasury. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
  10. ^"Large denominations". Bureau of Engraving and Printing/Treasury Website. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014. Retrieved June 20, 2014.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ abJoanne C. Dauer; Edward A. Dauer (2002). American History as Seen Through Currency: A Pictorial History of United States Currency as Seen Throughout Important Historical Events. Heritage Capital Corporation. p. 51. ISBN 9780972846608.
  12. ^Palmer, Brian (July 24, 2009). "Somebody Call Officer Crumb!: How much cash can a corrupt politician cram into a cereal box?". Slate. Retrieved July 24, 2012. As to "cereal boxes" as a repository for ill-gotten bribes, compare "Little Tin Box" in the musical Fiorello!.
  13. ^"How Much Is a $500 Bill Worth? | The Motley Fool". www.fool.com. June 11, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2025.
  14. ^"our Treasury – FAQs: Denominations of Currency". Retrieved November 29, 2021.
  15. ^"A bill to amend the Federal Reserve Act to require the Secretary of the Treasury to print $500 Federal reserve notes featuring a portrait of the 45th President of the United States"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on June 5, 2024.
  16. ^"MSN". www.msn.com. Retrieved November 14, 2025.
  17. ^"Bill calls for $250 note to be issued with Trump portrait", Coin World, March 11, 2025, accessed May 19, 2025
  18. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, generally.
  19. ^Friedberg, p. 7.
  20. ^ abcFriedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 58.
  21. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 72.
  22. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 91.
  23. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 164.
  24. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 54.
  25. ^ abcdefghiHessler, 1993, pp. 71–73.
  26. ^Hessler, 2004, p. 36.
  27. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 55.
  28. ^ abHessler, 2004, p. 38.
  29. ^ ab"Heritage Auctions (#3521) 2013 January 9–14 FUN Signature Auction". HA.com. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  30. ^Hessler, 1993, p. 38.
  31. ^ abcHessler, 1993, p. 286.
  32. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 61.
  33. ^ abFriedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 89.
  34. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 97.
  35. ^Hessler, 1993, p. 290.
  36. ^ abcHessler, 1993, p. 137.
  37. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 109.
  38. ^ abcdeHessler, 1993, p. 265.
  39. ^ abcdHessler, 2004, p. 216.
  40. ^ abcdefghijFriedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 165.
  41. ^ abcdeHessler, 1993, p. 114.
  42. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 56.
  43. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 57.
  44. ^ abHessler, 1993, p. 145.
  45. ^ abFriedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 64.
  46. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 66.
  47. ^ abcFriedberg & Friedberg, 2013, pp. 89–90.
  48. ^Hessler, 2004, p. 95.
  49. ^ abFriedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 98.
  50. ^Hessler, 1993, p. 180.
  51. ^Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 110.
  52. ^ abcHessler, 1993, p. 280.
  53. ^Hessler, 1993, p. 40.
  54. ^ abHessler, 2004, p. 219.
  55. ^Hessler, 2004, p. 39
  56. ^Hessler, 1993, p. 83.
  57. ^ abHessler, 1993, p. 99.
  58. ^Hessler, 2004, p. 200.
  59. ^ abFriedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 159.
  60. ^ abcdHessler, 2004, p. 223.
  61. ^Hessler, 2004, p. 39.
  62. ^Hessler, 1993, p. 237.

General bibliography

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