Pot curare: Mainly composed of alkaloid components protocurarine (the active ingredient), protocurine (a weak toxicity), and protocuridine (non-toxic) from both Menispermaceae and Loganiaceae/Strychnaceae. This subtype was originally found packed in terra cotta pots.
Calabash or gourd curare: Mainly composed of CtoxiferineI, this poison, derived from Loganiaceae/Strychnaceae alone, was originally packed into hollow gourds.
Manske also observed in his 1955 The Alkaloids:
The results of the early [pre-1900] work were very inaccurate because of the complexity and variation of the composition of the mixtures of alkaloids involved [...] these were impure, non-crystalline alkaloids [...] Almost all curare preparations were and are complex mixtures, and many of the physiological actions attributed to the early curarizing preparations were undoubtedly due to impurities, particularly to other alkaloids present. The curare preparations are now considered to be of two main types, those from Chondrodendron or other members of the Menispermaceae family and those from Strychnos, a genus of the Loganiaceae [ now Strychnaceae ] family. Some preparations may contain alkaloids from both [...] and the majority have other secondary ingredients.[2]
Hunting uses
Curare was used as a paralyzing poison by many South American indigenous people. Since it was too expensive to be used in warfare, curare was mainly used for hunting.[3] The prey was shot by arrows or blowgun darts dipped in curare, leading to asphyxiation owing to the inability of the victim's respiratory muscles to contract. In particular, the poison was used by the Kalinago, indigenous people of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean, on the tips of their arrows.[4] In addition, the Yagua people, indigenous to Colombia and northeastern Peru, commonly used these toxins via blowpipes to target prey 30 to 40 paces distant.[5]
^ abcd Manske, RHF編 (1955). アルカロイド:化学と生理学 第5巻 薬理学. ニューヨーク:Academic Press Inc. p. 269. ISBN9781483221922 LCCN 50-5522 . 2014年5月12日閲覧. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^ abcd Gibson, Arthur C. 「クラーレ、南米の矢毒」.植物と文明. UCLA Mildred E. Mathias植物園、カリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校. 2012年7月28日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ
^ La Oficina del Indice Histórico de Puerto Rico [プエルトリコ歴史索引局] (1949). Tesauro de datos historicalos: Indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos, Tomo II [ Thesaurus of historical data: Comprehensive index of Puerto Rico's historical literature, including some unpublished, journalistic and cartographic data, Volume II ] (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: El Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 306 . 2020年1月4日閲覧。
^ Lee, MR (2005). "Curare: The South American Arrow Poison" (PDF) . The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh . 35 (1): 83– 92. doi :10.1177/1478271520053501008. PMID 15825249. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-25 . Retrieved 2020-05-06 .
^ Carman, JA (October 1968). "History of curare". Anaesthesia . 23 (4). Association of Anaesthetists: 706– 707. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1968.tb00142.x . PMID 4877723. S2CID 10236106.
^ゲイル科学百科事典(第3版) ゲイルグループ.
^ Humboldt, Alexander von ; Bonpland, Aimé (1907). Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America, During the Year 1799–1804 – Volume 2. Translated by Ross, Thomasina. London: George Bell & Sons.
^ Gray, TC (1947). 「麻酔におけるD-ツボクラリン塩化物の使用」. Ann R Coll Surg Engl . 1 (4). 英国王立外科医師会: 191–203 . PMC 1940167. PMID 19309828.
^ Bernard, Claude (1857). 「第25課」. Leçons sur les effets des substances toxiques et médicamenteuses [毒性と薬用物質の作用に関するレッスン] (フランス語). パリ: JB Baillière. pp . 369–80
^ Dale, HH (1914年11月1日). 「コリンの特定のエステルおよびエーテルの作用とムスカリンとの関係」 . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 6 (2). The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 147–190 . doi :10.1016/S0022-3565(25)08268-0
^デール、ヘンリー(1934年5月12日)「神経インパルス効果の化学的伝達」British Medical Journal . 1 (3827): 835– 841. doi :10.1136/bmj.1.3827.835. PMC 2445804. PMID 20778253 .
^ King, H. (1935). 「クラーレアルカロイド:パート1、ツボクラリン」 . Journal of the Chemical Society . 57. The Royal Society of Chemistry: 1381–1389 . doi : 10.1039 /jr9350001381.
^ King, Harold (1935). 「クラーレ」 . Nature . 135 (3412). The Physical Society: 469–470 . Bibcode :1935Natur.135..469K. doi :10.1038/135469b0
^ ab Eger, Edmond I II; Saidman, Lawrence J.; Westhorpe, Rod N. 編 (2014). The Wondrous Story of Anaesthesia. Springer. p. 438. ISBN978-1-4614-8440-0。
^ Idress, A.H; Gabrielli, A. (2007). 「CPR中の換気技術」. Paradis, Norman A.; Halperin, Henry R.; Kern, Karl B.; Wenzel, Volker; Chamberlain, Douglas A. (編). Cardiac Arrest: The Science and Practice of Resuscitation Medicine (第2版). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 520. ISBN978-0-521-84700-1。
^ McEvoy, Mike (2010年10月12日)、Oxymoron: Our Love-Hate Relationship with Oxygen (PDF)、ニューヨーク州アルバニー:アルバニー医科大学、2011年8月21日時点のオリジナル(PDF)からアーカイブ
^ Damasio, Antonio R. (1999). 『The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness』(起こることの感覚:意識の形成における身体と感情). San Diego: Harcourt Brace. p. 357. ISBN978-0-15-601075-7。
^ツボクラリンの治療用量については、 Rang, HP (2003). 『Pharmacology』(薬理学). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 151. ISBN978-0-443-07145-4 OCLC 51622037