2026 Iran massacres

2026 Iran massacres
Part of the 2025–2026 Iranian protests
LocationIran
Date30 December 2025 – present (18 days)
TargetProtesters
Attack type
Massacre, mass murder, mass shooting, executions, summary executions
Deaths12,000–20,000 protesters
(per CBS News via activist groups)[1]
12,000 protesters
(per Iran International)[2]
3,308–7,690 overall
(per HRANA)[a]
2,000–3,000 overall
(per Iranian government officials)[b]
PerpetratorGovernment of Iran

Since late December 2025 Iranian state security forces have engaged in massacres of dissidents during the 2025–2026 Iranian protests. As of 13 January 2026[update], estimates of the total number of protesters killed range from 2,000 to 20,000, making them some of the largest massacres in modern Iranian history.[2][7][1] An estimated 135 security personnel have been killed, according to the organization Human Rights Activists in Iran (HRANA).[8]

The Iranian authorities imposed a near-total internet shutdown during the crackdown, restricting communication inside the country and limiting the flow of information about the killings to the outside world.[9] Esmaeil Baghayi, spokesperson for the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed that security forces had shot protesters.[10] Iranian government officials have off-the-record claimed the death toll to be between 2,000 to 3,000 including both protesters and security forces.[11][12]

Background

Prior to the 2025–2026 protests, the higher range of numbers of protester deaths and mass political prisoner executions in events during the Islamic Republic have included 3,400 executions during the 1981–1982 Iran massacres[13] and 1,000 to 30,000 executions in 1988,[14][15][16] 72 protestor deaths during the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests,[17] 300–1,500 protestor deaths during the 2019–2020 protests,[18] and 551 during the 2022–2023 Mahsa Amini protests.[19]

Protester deaths and political prisoner executions in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Date Event Estimates Sources
1981–1982 1981–1982 Iran massacres 3,400 [13][20]
1988 1988 executions 1,000–30,000 [14][16][15]
2009 2009 election protests 72 [17]
2019–2020 2019–2020 protests 300–1,500 [18][21]
2022–2023 Mahsa Amini protests 551 [19]

Casualty figures

According to HRANA, the news agency of the Human Rights Activists in Iran, during the first ten days of nationwide protests, though to 6 January inclusive, at least 34 protesters were killed, and at least 2,076 citizens arrested in at least 285 locations.[22] On 7 January, 13 protesters were killed, bringing the total to 45, per Iran Human Rights.[23]

Based on verified reports and video footage, during the first seven days of protests, security forces made extensive use of live ammunition, tear gas and crowd-control weapons, and conducted violent arrests.[24]

The Guardian reports that at least three children were killed and over 40 minors were arrested during eight days of protests.[25]

Iran International estimated on 10 January that 2,000 protesters had been killed over the preceding 48 hours,[7] while Time Magazine reported that the number may have been as high as 6000.

On 8 January, at least 217 were killed in Tehran.[26] As of 10 January 2026[update], the internet blackout limited reporting on casualties.[27] Iran International estimated on 10 January that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed by government forces over the previous 48 hours.[7] On 12 January, Time reported that the number of protesters killed might have reached 6000, excluding protesters whose bodies were taken directly to morgues.[28]

On 13 January, Iran international concluded a multi-stage investigation, and based on government sources, eyewitness accounts, field reports, data from hospitals and testimonies from Iranian doctors and nurses, ascertained that at least 12,000 civilians had been killed.[29] According to the report, the mass killings took place during 8–9 January, and were largely perpetrated by IRGC and members of the Basij militia.[29] Planned and conducted in an organized manner,[29] and, based on information obtained from the Supreme National Security Council and the Presidential Office, it was ordered by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei himself, with the approval of the three branches of government. Furthermore an order was given by the Supreme National Security Council for direct fire.[29]

On 13 January, CBS News, citing activist groups, stated the death toll may be as high as 20,000.[1]

Type of mass atrocity

Hengaw argued on 13 January 2026 that, based on its evidence, the massacres of protesters were crimes against humanity under customary international law and the Rome Statute, since they consisted of "government forces, acting within a coordinated, widespread, and systematic policy of repression, [committing] acts including the premeditated killing of civilian protesters ... [and] the extensive and lethal use of force" resulting in "mass killings of protesters in various parts of" Iran, with 2,500 victims confirmed by Hengaw.[30]

Timeline

The protests began peacefully on 28 December, following the closure of shops in Tehran due to unease at economic conditions.[31] On 30 December, which was the third day of protests, three protesters were killed:

On the fourth day, which was December 31, seven protesters were killed during the demonstrations: Shayan Asadollahi, Mostafa Fallahi, Vahab Mousavi, Ahmad Jalil, Sajad Valamanesh, Ahmadreza Amani, and Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli.[citation needed] The next day, 1 January, funeral ceremonies for Amirhossein Khodayari-Fard, Dariush Ansari Bakhtiarvand, and Khudadad Shirvani were held in Kuhdasht, Fuladshahr, and Marvdasht under severe scrutiny of security forces while nationwide protests continued.[33] Circulated video footage showed a protester, Hossein Rabiei, lying in the street in Qom with severe chest and arm injuries; the video was widely shared and described as showing a protester killed by a grenade.[34] The following day, 2 January, during protests in Malekshahi, Ilam province, at least five people were killed by gunfire from security forces: Reza Azimzadeh, Farez Aghamohammadi, Mohammad Bezuneh, Ali Karimi Bavolaki, and Mehdi Emamipour. At least 30 others were hospitalized, several in critical condition.[35]

The UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iran expressed concern over the killing of eight protesters during recent demonstrations.[36]

An early report by the IRGC Nabi Akram Public Relations Office reported that a Basij member, Ali Azizi, was killed in Harsin County, Kermanshah province.[37] A later report by Hengaw stated that Ali Azizi Jafarabadi, a 42-year-old Kurd with a wife and two children, had been shot by government security forces.[38]

On 8 January, the protest situation intensified on 8 January, with a major internet blackout obstructing the reporting of injuries and deaths. Six hospitals in Tehran recorded 217 deaths of protesters, mostly as a result of shots from live ammunition.[26] Hospitals were in crisis mode, with a hospital in Shiraz lacking enough surgeons to treat the injured.[39]

In a protest in Kermanshah (Kermanshah province) on 8 January, five protesters were killed by gunfire by government security forces and ten members of the Kermanshah Nabi Akram Corps were killed.[40] The following day, 9 January, hospitals in Iran were mostly in crisis mode trying to handle injured and dead protesters. In Rasht, 70 bodies arrived at Poursina Hospital in Rash, Gilan province.

On 10 January, Iran International estimated that 2,000 protesters had been killed over the preceding 48 hours.[7] As reports started emerging about the numbers of protesters killed since the 8 January internet cutoff, Al Monitor described the killings as constituting "a 'massacre'", based on human rights organisations' reports.[41] Activists estimated that at least 538 protesters had been killed.[42] HRANA counted 483 confirmed protester deaths, one prosecutor death, 47 security force deaths, and 579 deaths that HRANA was still investigating.[43]

The Center for Human Rights in Iran estimated 490 protester deaths as of 11 January. The Washington Post described the Center for Human Rights in Iran as "[having] a record of issuing conservative estimates of deaths in previous protests".[44]

On 12 January, Time quoted an estimate by a group of Iranian expatriate academics and professionals of a possible total of 6000 protester deaths up to and including 10 January, excluding those of protesters whose bodies were taken directly to morgues, and not to hospitals.[28] Reports indicating that the massacres, as a whole, are likely the largest Iranian massacre in the twenty-first century emerged on 13 January.[2][1]

On 13 January, Iran International estimated that 12,000 protesters had been killed on 8 and 9 January, based on one source "close to" the Iranian Supreme National Security Council, two sources from the office of the Presidency, sources from the IRGC in three different cities, eyewitness and family reports, and reports from medical centres, doctors and nurses.[2] Based on medical reports, activist groups in Iran told CBS that they estimated at least 12,000 deaths and possibly 20,000.[1] HRANA updated its count of confirmed protester deaths to 2403, including 12 minors, it updated the security force death count to 147, and counted nine deaths of people who were neither protesters nor military personnel.[45]

An unnamed Iranian official told Reuters that the number of deaths of protesters and security forces together was 2000. The official claimed that both the protesters and security forces had been killed by terrorists.[46]

IHRNGO reported its own confirmed account of 3379 protesters killed from 8 to 12 January, and 3428 in total, most of whom were under the age of 30. IHRNGO stated that the Iran International estimate of 12,000 protester deaths and CBS estimate of possibly 20,000 were difficult to verify because of the Internet cutoff, and that IHRNGO was working to verify the reports. IHRNGO stated that the killings in Karaj in Alborz province were carried out with DShK machine guns. Witnesses said that the perpetrators "were speaking Arabic" and that the perpetrators took selfie photos with the bodies.[47]

One of IHRNGO's sources stated that the security forces in the Kurdish regions of Iran during the killings did not speak Persian.[47]

A consistent claim in reporting is that families were required by the authorities to pay for each bullet that had killed a family member, which can range from 700 million Iranian rials to 2.5 billion rials (about $480 to $1,720) per bullet, depending on the particular case.[39][48][c]

Summary tables

Totals

Estimates of total deaths through to a given date
Count Protesters/Security forces/Other Final date Date of estimate Location Source
12,000 Protesters 9 January 2026[d] 13 January 2026 National Iran International[2]
2,000 Protesters 10 January 2026 10 January 2026 National Iran International[7]
6,000 Protesters 10 January 2026 12 January 2026 National Time[28]
1,000 Protesters 10 January 2026 12 January 2026 Rasht + Tehran + Shiraz Time[28]
1 Prosecutor 13 January 2026 13 January 2026 HRANA[8]
490 Protesters 11 January 2026 11 January 2026 National Center for Human Rights in Iran[44]
2,000 Protesters and security forces 13 January 2026 National Iranian official per Reuters[46]
12,000–20,000 Protesters 13 January 2026 13 January 2026 National medical reports per activist groups[1]
3,000 Protesters and security forces[e] 13 January 2026 13 January 2026 National Iranian officials per The New York Times[50]
2,500 Protesters 13 January 2026 13 January 2026 National Hengaw[30]
2,403 Protesters 13 January 2026 13 January 2026 National HRANA[45]
9 Non-participants 13 January 2026 13 January 2026 National HRANA[45]
147 Security forces 13 January 2026 13 January 2026 National HRANA[45]
3,428 Protesters 14 January 2026 14 January 2026 National IHRNGO[47]
3,500 Protesters and security forces 12 January 2026[f] 14 January 2026 National Ministry of Health per IHRNGO[47]

Protesters

Killed protesters categorized by geographic distribution, As of 6 January 2026[update].[needs update]

The rate at which Iranian security forces shot dead protesters increased significantly on 8 January, with hospitals shifting to crisis mode,[26][39] and Iran International estimating that 12,000 protesters were killed on 8 and 9 January together.[2]

Died before 8 January 2026
No. Name Date of death Year of birth Age County / City Province Source
1 Amirhesam Khodayarifard 30 December 2025 2003 22 Kuhdasht Lorestan [51]
2 Dariush Ansari Bakhtiariwand [fa] 30 December 2025 1998 26–27 Fuladshahr Isfahan [52]
3 Khodadad Shirvani [fa] 30 December 2025 1992 32–33 Marvdasht Fars [53]
4 Shayan Asadollahi 31 December 2025 1997 27–28 Azna Lorestan [54]
5 Mostafa Falahi [fa] 31 December 2025 2010 15 Azna Lorestan [54]
6 Vahab Mousavi [fa] 31 December 2025 — — Azna Lorestan [54]
7 Ahmad Jalil [fa] 31 December 2025 2004 21 Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [55]
8 Sajad Valamanesh [fa] 31 December 2025 1997 28 Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [56]
9 Ahmadreza Amani [fa] 31 December 2025 1997 28 Azna Lorestan [57]
10 Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli [fa] 31 December 2025 1990 35 Delfan County Lorestan [58]
11 Ali Azizi Jafarabadi [fa] 1 January 2026 1983 42 Harsin Kermanshah [38][59]
12 Hossein Rabiei [fa] 1 January 2026 — Qom Qom [60]
13 Mansour Mokhtari [fa] 1 January 2026 — — Marvdasht Fars [61][62]
14 Amirhossein Bayati 1 January 2026 — — Hamadan Hamadan [63]
15 Erfan Bozorgi 1 January 2026 — — Marvdasht Fars [64]
16 Amirmohammad Kouhkan 1 January 2026 — 26 Neyriz Fars [65]
17 Taha Safari 31 December 2025 — 15 Azna Lorestan [66]
18 Mehdi Emamipour [fa] 3 January 2026 — — Malekshahi County Ilam [67][68][69]
19 Reza Azimzadeh [fa] 3 January 2026 — — Malekshahi County Ilam [68][69]
20 Farez Aghamohammadi [fa] 3 January 2026 — — Malekshahi County Ilam [68]
21 Mohammad Moghaddasi [fa] (Bezuneh) 3 January 2026 — — Malekshahi County Ilam [68]
22 Ali Karimi Bavolaki [fa] 2 January 2026 — — Malekshahi County Ilam —
23 Esmail Gharishvandi [fa] — — — Izeh Khuzestan [70]
24 Mohammad Qasem Rousta 1 January 2026[citation needed] — — Marvdasht Fars [62]
25 Ali Golforoush — — — Qom Qom —
26 Soroush Soleimani [fa] 2 January 2026 — — Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [71]
27 Saghar Etemadi 3 January 2026[g] — 22 Farsan — [72]
28 Reza and Rasoul Kadyvrian 3 January 2026 — 17 Kermanshah — [73][74][69]
29 — 20 —
30 Latif Karimi 3 January 2026 — — Malekshahi County Ilam [75][76][77][69]
31 Reza Ghanbari 3 January 2026 — 17 Kermanshah — [78][79][69]
32 Mohammad Nouri 2 January 2026 17 Qom [80]
33 Reza Moradi Abdolvand 5 January 2026 18 Azna County Lorestan province [81][62]
34 Sajad Babaei Qorveh Kurdistan province [62]
35 Reza Rahmati 7 January 2026 Malard Tehran [82]
36 Mehdi Validoost 7 January 2026 Chenaran Razavi Khorasan [83]
37 Morteza Jahanbakhsh 7 January 2026 Chenaran Razavi Khorasan [83]
38 Hossein Mounesi 7 January 2026 21 Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [84]
39 Mehdi Mousavi 7 January 2026 22 Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [84]
40 Abolfazl Khaledi 7 January 2026 24 Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [84]
41 Bahman Fattahi (Milasi) 7 January 2026 Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [84]
42 Mohammad Mousavi 7 January 2026 Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [84]
43 Farhad Eyvazi 7 January 2026 Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [84]
44 Masih Jalil 7 January 2026 Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [84]
45 Mobin Yaghoubzadeh 7 January 2026 17 Khoshk-e Bijar Gilan [85]
46 Milad Gholamzadeh 7 January 2026 31 Khoshk-e Bijar Gilan [85]
47 Ruhollah Setareh Moshtari 7 January 2026 26 Chenaran Razavi Khorasan [83]
48 Mohammadreza Gorouhi 7 January 2026 Chenaran Razavi Khorasan [83]


Died 8 January 2026 or later
Count Names (ages) Date of death County / City Province Source
1 Mehdi Ghorbandoust 8 January 2026 Chenaran Razavi Khorasan [83]
5 Sayyad Faramarzi; Yasin Mirzaei; Saman Nazari (23); Keyvan Rezaei; Behrouz Safaei 8 January 2026 Kermanshah Kermanshah [40]
217 8 January 2026 Tehran [26]
30 9 January 2026 Nishapur Razavi Khorasan [86]
70 9 January 2026 Rasht Gilan [39]
Total of location-specific, date-specific deaths[h]
323

Security forces

Amirhesam Khodayarifard, a protester shot dead by security forces on 31 December 2025, was claimed by the authorities to have been a Basij member. Khodayarifard's family was unsuccessfully pressured by the authorities to state that he had been a Basij member.[87][88][89]

Died 7 January 2026 or later
Count Names (ages) or Group Date of death County / City Province Source
1 Mahmoud Haqiqat 7 January 2026 Iranshahr Sistan and Baluchestan [90][91]
2 Police Command 7 January 2026 Lordegan Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari [91]
1 Unspecified security force member 7 January 2026 Malekshahi Ilam [91]
2 IRGC Ground Forces 8 January 2026 Kermanshah Kermanshah [92]
1 Shahin Dehghan 8 January 2026 Malard County Tehran [93]
10 Nabi Akram Corps 9 January 2026 Kermanshah Kermanshah [40]
1 Police Command officer 11 January 2026 Dashtiari County Sistan and Baluchestan [94]
18 Total of location-specific, date-specific deaths[h]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Including 3,097 protesters, 166 government-affiliated individuals (military and non-military), 23 non-protesting civilians, 22 minors and 4,382 reported deaths under review.[3]
  2. ^ Lower estimate per an official speaking to Reuters, upper estimate per an official speaking to The New York Times.[4][5] Including 121 security forces, per Iranian state media.[6]
  3. ^ This practice has been used by the Iranian authorities in early crackdowns on political unrest [49]
  4. ^ Iran International says "mostly" 8 and 9 January.
  5. ^ Iranian official said the figure "included hundreds of security officers."
  6. ^ 8–12 January alone
  7. ^ As of 2026, reports vary as to whether Etemadi survived the shooting or not.
  8. ^ a b See the section #Totals for national-level totals.

References

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  14. ^ a b Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (2017). Iran: Stuck in Transition (The Contemporary Middle East). Routledge. p. 108. ISBN 9781351985451. It is estimated that as many as 30,000 individuals may have been executed at that time, in response to a religious edict issued by Ayatollah Khomeini that there was no room for apostates in his Islamic republic. Ayatollah Montazeri also alluded to this tragedy in his memoirs (published in 2001) and the Iran Human Rights Documentation Center's detailed report on the executions notes that estimates of those killed range from 1,000 to 30,000. See IHRDC, Deadly Fatwa: Iran's 1988 Prison Massacre (New Haven, CT: IHRDC, 2009). The insider's account is provided by Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri, Khatirat-i Ayatollah Montazeri, Majmu'iyyih Payvastha va Dastnivisha [Memoir of Ayatollah Montazeri, the Collection of Appendices and Handwritten Notes] (2001).
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  • Spreading Justice – website documenting Iranian individuals with command hierarchy responsibility when protesters were shot during the 2025–2026 Iranian protests
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