| モンテ・ポルツィオの戦い | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| 交戦国 | |||||||
| 神聖ローマ帝国 | ローマの都市国家(ローマ・コミューン)の軍隊 | ||||||
| 指揮官と指導者 | |||||||
| マインツのクリスティアンダッセルのライナルド | オッド・フランジパニ | ||||||
| 強さ | |||||||
| 1,600人の男性 | 1万人 | ||||||
| 死傷者と損失 | |||||||
| 未知 | 未知 | ||||||
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モンテ・ポルツィオの戦い(トゥスクルムの戦いとも呼ばれる)は、1167年5月29日に神聖ローマ帝国とローマ・コミューンの間で戦われた。ある歴史家が「ローマが数世紀にわたって戦場に送り込んだ最大の軍隊」と呼んだローマ・コミューン軍[ 1 ]は、皇帝フリードリヒ1世とその同盟国であるトゥスクルム伯、そしてアルバーノの支配者の軍勢に敗れた。ローマ市への影響力を比較したある歴史家は、モンテ・ポルツィオの戦いを「中世のカンナエ」と呼んだ[ 2 ] 。
戦いの場所は、ローマの南東約25kmに位置する「プラタポルキ」と呼ばれる場所にある、トゥスクルム市の城壁と小高い丘の間の平原でした。同時代の作家、クレモナのシカルドは、その普遍的な年代記『クロニカ・ウベスリス』の中で、この戦いの場所を「モンテ・ポルツィオの近く」(apud Montem Portium)と記しています。
モンテ・ポルツィオの戦いは、イタリアの都市国家と神聖ローマ帝国との長きにわたる闘争の一部である。1166年、バルバロッサは反帝国派の教皇アレクサンデル3世を廃位し、自らの対立教皇パスカル3世を立てる目的でイタリア遠征に出発した。彼はまた、帝国の高位聖職者2人、ケルンのライナルド大司教とマインツのクリスティアン大司教を指揮させ、ラティウム(ローマ周辺地域)に軍を派遣して、依然として皇帝の権力に抵抗する都市国家を制圧させた。5月18日、ライナルドはチヴィタヴェッキアを占領し、続いて友好都市トゥスクルムに進軍した。これはおそらく帝国主義者のライノ伯の進言によるものと思われる。ローマ共同体軍は長年のライバルであるトゥスクルムを攻撃していた。教皇アレクサンデルは、バルバロッサがライノの援軍に来る可能性が高いと察知し、ローマ軍に彼の都市への攻撃を控えるよう促した。しかし、これはうまくいかなかった。ローマ共同体の執政官(指導者)は、ライノがトゥスクルムに到着したことを知ると、軍隊を派遣してトゥスクルムの大司教を包囲した。
ローマ軍が接近すると、ライノ伯とライナルド大司教は、海岸でアンコーナを包囲していたクリスティアンに救援に来るよう伝えた。クリスティアンの軍勢には、リエージュ司教アレクサンドル2世とロリテッロ伯ロベール3世の指揮する軍勢が含まれていた。[ 3 ]クリスティアンが率いた軍勢の総数は約1,300人で、ザンクト・ブラージエンのオットーによると、500人の騎士(現代ラテン語でミリテス)と800人のカエサリアノ(帝国軍)を合わせたものである。オットーはトゥスクルム内に300人の兵士を擁していたとしている。他の年代記作者は、クリスティアンが1,000人の騎兵とブラバント傭兵を率いていたと主張している。クリスチャンの軍勢は、最も少ない推定でも500人であった。[ 4 ]
クリスチャンは丘のそばに軍を駐屯させ、解決策を交渉しながら一日休息した。ローマ共同体軍はクリスチャンの外交的申し出を拒否し、聖霊降臨祭に全軍1万人の貧弱な武装で攻撃を仕掛けた。ローマ軍の指揮官の名前は残っていないが、オッド・フランジパニであった可能性がある。帝国軍は数の上で大きく劣勢だったが、より規律が保たれ、武装も優れていた。ブラバント軍はレイナルドの都市ケルンの騎兵隊と共同でローマ歩兵の突撃に抵抗した。トゥスクルムからの2度の出撃でローマ軍を二分した。1度は側面を、もう1度は中央を突破した。ローマ騎兵が戦場から逃げると、ブラバント軍はローマ軍の野営地に襲いかかった。日暮れまでにローマの城壁内に到達できたのはローマ軍の3分の1だけであった。最終的に数千人が捕虜となり、ヴィテルボに送られ(オッド・フランジパニの息子も含む)、さらに多くの人が戦場や道中で死んだ。[ 5 ]
教皇とオッドはコロッセオ(当時は城のように要塞化されていた)に避難し、援軍を要請した。都市は包囲に備えた。その後、教皇はベネヴェントに逃れ、皇帝はローマに入城した。しかし、帝国軍はマラリアかペストの流行に見舞われ、大打撃を受け、バルバロッサは軍をドイツへ撤退させた。
この戦いについては、ライナルド大司教の手紙をはじめ、同時代の記録が数多く存在します。聖ブラシエンのオットーによるこの戦いの記録は、『Monumenta Germanica Historica Scriptores SS.』20 から引用されています。
In the year 1166 since the birth of Christ, Emperor Frederick, after settling the conflict between the princes, as we have mentioned, and restoring good order to the situation in Germany, assembled an army from all parts of the empire and led it into Italy, crossing the Alps for the fourth time. Then he crossed the Apennines, and, leading his army through Tuscany, he turned to the March of Ancona, and surrounded the rebellious city of Ancona with a siege. In the meantime, Reinald, the archbishop of Cologne, who had previously separated himself from the emperor on imperial business, turned against the castle of Tusculanum near Rome, as he was returning with his corps to rejoin the emperor, in order to take care of the situation there. When this was reported in Rome by messengers, the Romans, whose strength was estimated as 30,000 armed men, moved out from the entire city and suddenly besieged the archbishop in the castle, to the dishonor of the emperor. As soon as this was reported to the emperor at Ancona, he assembled the princes and asked them whether or not he should give up the siege of Ancona and go to the aid of the archbishop. A few of the princes, most of them of the laity, who feared the spread of unfavorable rumors that would result from a lifting of the siege, advised against it. Angered by this agreement of the princes, because the lay princes had such small regard for him and his colleagues or abandoned them in danger, the stately archbishop of Mainz, Christian, called together his men and others whose aid he could enlist by pleas and rewards. He assembled 500 knights and 800 mercenaries, appropriately equipped for war, and moved out toward Tusculanum against the Romans, in order to relieve the archbishop. When he arrived there and had pitched his camp opposite the Romans, he sent emissaries to them to request peace for that day only to allow his army to rest, recalling the virtue of the noble attitude that was characteristic of the ancient Romans. In this way, he hoped to win his demands from them. But the Romans themselves, completely unlike the ancients in this and all other respects, answered that they would not grant his request but arrogantly threatened that on this day they would give him and his entire army to the birds of heaven and the wild animals of the earth to eat. Giving up the siege, they formed 30,000 warriors in line of battle against 500 German knights. But the archbishop, completely unshaken by the answer he had received from them – for he was not inexperienced in the troubles of war – with great energy encouraged his men for battle by promises and threats. Even though their number was very small in comparison with their opponents, he knew they were battle-hardened fighters. He warned them in noble words that they could not place their hope in flight, since they were too distant from their fatherland and the emperor's army to be able to flee, but, mindful of their inherent courage and of the cowardice that was natural to their enemies, they should fight for their lives with all their strength. But when he saw that the knights were filled with German fury ("animositate Teutonica") – for his exhortation had injected a certain invincible courage in their hearts – he formed his lines and specified precisely which ones were to fight at first, which were to break into the fighting enemy forces from the flank, which ones were to bring help to those in trouble in the fight, while he himself took position where he could bring help with the most highly selected men. And now he moved into the fight against the Romans with raised banners and widely deployed cohorts, placing his hope in God. The archbishop of Cologne, however, armed himself and the garrison of the castle and all his men, a number estimated as 300 well-armed knights, in order to be able to give help under any circumstances, and he remained calmly in the castle until the start of the battle. After the battle had begun and the lances were broken at the first clash of the armies, the fight was carried on with swords, while the archers on both sides obscured the light of day with their arrows as if they were snow flakes. And behold, the archbishop of Cologne, breaking out of the castle with his eager knights, attacked the Romans from the rear and pushed against them courageously, so that they were surrounded on all sides, attacked from front and rear. While the Romans therefore were fighting only with the weight of their mass, Bishop Christian with his men penetrated their battle line from the flank, tore the middle of their formation apart, and covered with blows the enemy that was thus skillfully separated into three groups. After many had been killed and a number taken prisoner, the defeated Romans took to flight and, pursued by their conquerors up to the city, they were cut down in the bloodiest slaughter. After they had called back their knights from this butchery, the bishops returned to the battlefield and spent that night celebrating with the greatest joy.