
チカンカリ(ウルドゥー語:چِکن کاری、ヒンディー語:चिकन की कढ़ाई, चिकनकारी)は、インドのラクナウに伝わる伝統的な刺繍です。チカンカリとは「刺繍(糸または針金を使用)」を意味し、ラクナウで最もよく知られている織物装飾様式の一つです。ラクナウにおけるチカンカリ製品の主要市場はチョークです。生産は主にラクナウとその周辺地域で行われています。
起源
インドでは紀元前3世紀にはすでにメガステネスによってチカンに似た刺繍についての言及があり、インド人が花柄のモスリンを使用していたと述べているが、これらの刺繍パターンには色彩や装飾性、または顕著な装飾性などのチカンの特徴が欠けていた。[1]ライラ・ティアブジによると、チカンカリはシラーズの白地に白の刺繍に由来し、ムガル帝国の宮廷におけるペルシャ貴族 の文化の一部としてインドに伝わった。[2]また、旅人が農民に飲み水と引き換えにチカンを教えたという逸話もある。最も一般的な起源説では、ムガル帝国の皇后でジャハーンギールの妻であったヌール・ジャハーンがチカンカリをインドに紹介したとされている。[3] [4]
チカンは白地に白の刺繍(ホワイトワーク)の一種として始まりました。[5]
技術
チカン刺繍の技法は、チカンカリ(चिकनकारी چکن کاری)として知られています。チカンカリは、綿、チャンデリー、モスリン、ジョーゼット、ビスコース、シルク、オーガンザ、ネットなど、様々な織物に施される繊細で芸術的な手刺繍です。淡いモスリンや綿の衣服には、涼しげなパステル調の白い糸で刺繍が施されます。今日では、チカン刺繍はファッショントレンドに合わせて色とりどりの絹糸で行われるようになり、チカンカリは最新のものになっています。ラクナウは現在、チカンカリ産業の中心地であり、その種類はラクナウィ・チカンとして知られています。
Chikan work in recent times has adopted additional embellishments like Mukaish, Kamdani, Badla, sequin, bead, and mirror work, which gives it a rich look. Chikan embroidery is mostly done on fabrics like cotton, semi-Georgette, pure Georgette, crepe, chiffon, silk, and any other fabric which is light and which highlights the embroidery. The fabric cannot be too thick or hard, else the embroidery needle won't pierce it. Also, sheer fabric allows the part of the stitches on the reverse of the fabric to give a shadow effect, which is characteristic of the technique.
The piece begins with one or more pattern blocks that are used to block-print a pattern on the ground fabric. The embroiderer stitches the pattern, and the finished piece is carefully washed to remove all traces of the printed pattern.[6] The process of chikankari includes the following steps:
- Design
- Engraving
- Block printing
- Embroidery
- Washing and finishing
Stitches
The patterns and effects created depend on the stitches and the thicknesses of the threads used. Some of the stitches include backstitch, chain stitch and hemstitch. The result is an open work pattern, jali (lace) or shadow-work. Often the embroiderer creates mesh-like sections by using a needle to separate threads in the ground fabric, and then working around the spaces.[6] It consists of 32 stitches:[7]
- Chikankari-Tepchi is a long-running or darning stitch worked with six strands on the right side of the fabric taken over four threads and picking up one. Thus, a line is formed. It is used principally as a basis for further stitchery and occasionally to form a simple shape.[8]
- Bakhiya — 'Shadow work' or bhakia is one of the stitches of chikankari. The reason for the name shadow is that the embroidery is done on wrong side and we see its shadow on the right side.[9]
- Hool is a fine detached eyelet stitch. A hole is punched in the fabric and the threads are teased apart. It is then held by small straight stitches all round and worked with one thread on the right side of the fabric. It can be worked with six threads and often forms the center of a flower.
- Zanzeera
- Rahet
- Banarsi
- Khatau
- Phanda
- Murri is the form of stitch used to embroider the centre of the flowers in chikan work motifs. They are typically French knots that are rice-shaped. Murri is the oldest and most sought-after form of chikankari. The use of this stitch is depleting due to a decrease in the artisans doing this embroidery.
- Jali stitch is one where the thread is never drawn through the fabric, ensuring that the back portion of the garment looks as impeccable as the front. The warp and weft threads are carefully drawn apart and minute buttonhole stitches are inserted into the cloth.
- Turpai
- Darzdari
- Pechani
- Bijli
- Ghaspatti
- Makra
- Kauri
- Hathkadi
- Banjkali
- Sazi
- Karan
- Kapkapi
- Madrazi
- Bulbul-chasm
- Taj Mahal
- Janjeera
- Kangan''
- Dhania-patti
- Rozan
- Meharki
- Chanapatti
- Baalda
- Jora
- Keel kangan
- Bulbul
- Sidhaul
- Ghas ki patti
GI status
Geographical Indication Registry (GIR) accorded Geographical Indication (GI) status for chikankari in December 2008, which recognized Lucknow as an exclusive hub of chikankari.[10]
In popular culture
The 1986 Indian film Anjuman directed by Muzaffar Ali and starring Shabana Azmi and Farooque Shaikh is set in Lucknow and deals with issues of chikan workers.[11] In fact, Farooque Shaikh was so charmed by this fabric and style that he wore chikan all his life and came to be identified as a brand ambassador of sorts of Lakhnavi chikankari.
References
- ^ Manfredi, Paola (2004). "Chikankari of Lucknow". In Dhamija, Jasleen (ed.). Asian Embroidery. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170174509.
- ^ Manfredi, Paola (2004). "Chikankari of Lucknow". In Dhamija, Jasleen (ed.). Asian Embroidery. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170174509.
- ^ "Chikankari". Cultural India. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ Wilkinson-Weber, Clare M. (1999). Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry. State University of New York Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780791440872.
- ^ Wilkinson-Weber, Clare M. (1999). Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry. State University of New York Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780791440872.
- ^ a b Dusenbury, Mary M. (2004). Flowers, Dragons and Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art. Hudson Hills Press. p. 42. ISBN 1-55595-238-0.
- ^ "Stitches in Chikankari". Hand-embroidery.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ^ "Tepchi Stitch: Running Stitches In Chikankari". Utsavpedia. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- ^ Brijbhushan, Jamila (2006). Indian Embroidery. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 46. ISBN 8123013698.
- ^ 「チカンカリGI、国際ブランド化への一歩」タイムズ・オブ・インディア、2009年1月16日。2014年1月31日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 2013年7月10日閲覧。
- ^ アヌラーダ・ディングワニー・ニーダム;ラジェスワリ・サンダー・ラジャン(2006年12月28日)。インドにおける世俗主義の危機。デューク大学出版局。235 ~ 236ページ 。ISBN 0-8223-8841-3。
さらに読む
- シン、ヴィーナ (2004)。チカンカリとのロマンシング。トゥシャー出版。
- ペイン、シーラ(1989)『チカン刺繍:インドの花の白刺繍』シャイア・パブリケーションズ、ISBN 0-7478-0009-X。
- ライ、アショク (1992)。ラクナウのチカンカリ刺繍。国立デザイン研究所。
- ティアブジ、ライラ(2007年)『糸と声:インドの織物伝統の背後』マーグ出版。ISBN 9788185026794。