Ficus racemosa
Species of fig

Ficus racemosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Genus: Ficus
Subgenus: F. subg. Sycomorus
Species:
F. racemosa
Binomial name
Ficus racemosa
Synonyms

Ficus glomerata Roxb.

Ficus racemosa, the cluster fig, red river fig or gular (Hindi: गूलर),[2] is a species of plant in the mulberry family Moraceae. It is native to tropical Asia and Australia. It is a fast-growing plant with large, very coarse leaves, attaining the size of a large shrub or even larger in old specimens. A distinctive feature of its growth habit is the cauliflorous nature of its fruiting, where the syconia (figs) grow in dense clusters directly from the trunk and larger branches. The ripe figs are a favourite food of the rhesus macaque, and the plant also serves as a host for the caterpillars of the two-brand crow butterfly (Euploea sylvester) of northern Australia.[3]

The species is of cultural importance in Hinduism and Buddhism. The tree is also important to native people of Borneo such as in Sabah, Malaysia, where it is called Nunuk Ragang.[4]

Description

The cluster fig is deciduous or semi-deciduous, reaching 15–20 metres (49–66 ft) in height. Older specimens can grow quite large and gnarled, up to 30 metres (98 ft) high. It has a wide-spreading crown with irregular branches and a thick, often buttressed trunk covered in smooth greyish bark that may flake with age.[5] Like other species in the genus Ficus, the tree produces milky latex which can irritate the skin. The tree has a shallow and extensive root system, often developing aerial roots in humid environments.

The leaves of the cluster fig are simple and alternate, with lanceolate stipules measuring 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) in length that are pubescent and often persistent on young shoots. The petiole is slender, grooved along the upper side, 1–5 centimetres (0.39–1.97 in) long, and becomes brown and scurfy with age. The leaf blade (lamina) ranges from 6–15 centimetres (2.4–5.9 in) long and 3.5–6 centimetres (1.4–2.4 in) wide, and ovate, obovate, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate in shape. The surface is membranous and glabrous, often developing a blistered appearance upon drying. [6]

The flowers are unisexual and borne within a syconium, developing on short leafless branches, warty tubercles of the trunk or larger branches. The syconia are subglobose to pear-shaped, attached by a stout peduncle. Fig wasps such as Ceratosolen sp. pollinate the flowers by entering the ostiole, which is flat or slightly sunken.[7] The mature syconium measures about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter and turns orange or dark crimson when ripe, containing granulate achenes.[6]

Distribution

The cluster fig is native to South Asia, Southeast Asia and northern Australia, with a natural range extending from Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia, and eastwards to Papua New Guinea and northern Australia.[8] It thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, commonly found in lowland forests, riverbanks and open woodlands, as well as in rural villages and temple grounds, where it is often cultivated for its religious significance, shade and edible figs.

The species grows well in moist, well-drained soils, tolerating both periodic flooding and dry conditions, and can often be seen along roadsides and near watercourses.[9][10]

In Hinduism

According to the Shatapatha Brahmana, the Audumbara tree was created from the force of Indra, the leader of the gods that came out of his flesh when he overindulged in soma:

From his hair his thought flowed, and became millet; from his skin his honour flowed, and became the aśvattha tree (Ficus religiosa); from his flesh his force flowed, and became the udumbara tree (Ficus glomerata); from his bones his sweet drink flowed, and became the nyagrodha tree (Ficus indica); from his marrow his drink, the Soma juice, flowed, and became rice: in this way his energies, or vital powers, went from him. [11]

In the Atharva Veda, this fig tree (Sanskrit: Umbara or Audumbara)[12] is given prominence as a means for acquiring prosperity and vanquishing foes.[13] For instance, regarding an amulet of the Audumbara tree, a hymn (AV xix, 31) extols:

The Lord of amulets art thou, most mighty: in the wealth's
ruler that engendered riches,
These gains are lodged in the, and all great treasures. Amulet,
conquer thou: far from us banish malignity and indigence,
and hunger.
Vigour art thou, in me do thou plant vigour: riches art thou, so
do thou grant me riches.
Plenty art thou, so prosper me with plenty: House-holder, hear
a householder's petition.[14]

It has been described in the story of Raja Harischandra of the Ikshvaku dynasty, that the crown was a branch of this Audumbara tree, set in a circlet of gold. Additionally, the throne (simhasana) was constructed out of this wood and the royal personage would ascend it on his knee, chanting to the gods to ascend it with him, which they did so, albeit unseen.

The tree is revered as the sacred abode under which Lord Dattatreya imparted his teachings that true wisdom begins with learning from others, regardless of their stature or status. His philosophy teaches that there is always something to be learned from everyone, and that growth requires the ability to unlearn old knowledge as times change. The tree is commonly planted at sites associated with Lord Dattatreya, the Hindu Trimurti consisting of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, symbolising the continuous cycle of creation, preservation and destruction. Its leaves are also considered sacred and are an indispensable element in many Hindu fire rituals.

In Buddhism

Both the tree and the flower are referred to as the Audumbara (Sanskrit, Pali; Devanagari: औदुंबर) in Buddhism.[15] Udumbara can also refer to the blue lotus (nila-udumbara, "blue udumbara") flower. The udumbara flower appears in chapters 2 and 27 of the Lotus Sutra, an important Mahayana Buddhist text. The Japanese word udonge (優曇華, literally "udon/udumbara flower") was used by Dōgen Zenji to refer to the flower of the udumbara tree in chapter 68 of the Shōbōgenzō ("Treasury of the Eye of the True Dharma"). Dōgen places the udonge in the context of the Flower Sermon given by Gautama Buddha on Vulture Peak. Udonge is also used to refer to the eggs of the lacewing insect. The eggs are laid in a pattern similar to a flower, and its shape is used for divination in Asian fortune telling.[16]

In Theravada Buddhism, the plant is said to have used as the tree for achieved enlightenment (bodhi) by the 26th Lord Buddha, Konaagama (Sinhala: කෝණාගම).

Uses

Lion-tailed macaque feeding on a fig
Pickled and halved quả sung figs in Vietnam
Indian Giant Flying Squirrel feeding on figs at Polo forest, Gujarat, India

The figs can be eaten when ripe, or used while still green as a vegetable in stir-fries and curries, or made into preserves. The shoots and young leaves are also edible. The Ovambo people call the fruit of the cluster fig eenghwiyu and use it to distill ombike, a traditional liquor.[17]

In India, a home remedy is prepared by rubbing the bark on a stone with water to make a poultice to treat boils and mosquito bites. The poultice is left to dry on the skin and reapplied after a few hours. The leaves of the plant can also be used to remove caterpillar hairs lodged in the skin. The affected skin is rubbed lightly with a leaf, effectively dislodging the stinging hairs.

The leaves are called lá sung in Vietnam, where they are eaten raw with meat dishes. They are used with rice paper and edible leaves of other plants, such as woolly sewervine, shiso or Ming aralia, to wrap pieces of chicken, pork or goat and eaten in a style similar to the Korean ssam. The figs, called quả sung, are harvested while still green and pickled in a mixture of salt and sugar, then seasoned with chilli, garlic, lime juice and fish sauce.[18]

References

  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Ficus racemosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T145362959A145371147. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T145362959A145371147.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Ficus racemosa". European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  3. ^ Braby, Michael F. (2005). The Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 194. ISBN 0-643-09027-4.
  4. ^ uluulublog (15 January 2021). "Kota Kinabalu's most famous fig tree". The Figs of Borneo. Archived from the original on 8 September 2025. Retrieved 7 August 2025.
  5. ^ "Cluster Fig, Gular Fig, Country Fig, Udumbara". Greening, Landscape & Tree Management Section Development Bureau. Hong Kong. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  6. ^ a b "Ficus racemosa L." India Biodiversity Portal. India. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  7. ^ Yang, Darong; Zhao, Tingzhou; Wang, Ruiwu; Zhang, Guangming; Song, Qishi (March 2001). "Study on Pollination Ecology of Fig Wasp (Ceratosolen sp.) in the Tropical Rainforest of Xishuangbanna, China". Zoological Research. 22 (2): 125–130. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  8. ^ "Ficus racemosa L." Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  9. ^ "Ficus Racemosa: Common, but Still Special". Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation. Indonesia. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  10. ^ "Ficus racemosa". EarthOne. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  11. ^ "Satapatha Brahmana, Kanda XII, adhyaya 7, brahmana 1". 18 July 2013.
  12. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899, 1964). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (London: Oxford University Press), pp. 175, 186. Retrieved 19 Nov 2008 from "Cologne University" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0175-ujjha.pdf and http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0186-udaya.pdf.
  13. ^ See, e.g., Shyam Singh Shashi (1999), Encyclopaedia Indica (Anmol Publications), Ch. 9 "The Tree Cult," esp. pp. 241, 244-46. Retrieved 19 Nov 2008 from "Google Books" at https://books.google.com/books?id=jMmYDrm_7NAC&dq=%22Atharva+Veda%22+%2Budumbara&pg=PA245
  14. ^ Ralph T. H. Griffith (trans.) (1895-6). Hymns of the Atharva Veda, pp. 236-7. Retrieved 19 Nov 2008 from "Sacred Texts" at http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/av/av19031.htm.
  15. ^ McCullough, Helen Craig; Murasaki Shikibu (1994). Genji and Heike: Selections from The Tale of Genji and The Tale of the Heike. Stanford University Press. p. 94. ISBN 0-8047-2258-7.
  16. ^ Hadamitzky, Wolfgang; Spahn, Mark (1996). The Kanji Dictionary. Tuttle Publishing. p. 783. ISBN 0-8048-2058-9.
  17. ^ Shaanika, Helvy (26 October 2012). "Ombike – a potent traditional brew". New Era. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012.
  18. ^ Bích Hòa (2015-09-30). "Quả sung muối, ngâm đường nước mắm" [Salted figs, soaked in sugar and fish sauce.]. cookpad Vietnam (in Vietnamese). Vietnam. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ficus racemosa.
  • "Ficus racemosa". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
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