カロンボー修道院

カランドボー修道院は、デンマークのカランドボーにあるフランシスコ会修道院でした。

歴史

カロンボー修道院は、ドイツのハルバーシュタット出身のレーヴェンシュタイン伯爵コンラートの妻、インゲルト・ヤコブシュダッター（1220年頃 - 1258年）によって1239年に設立されました。彼女はエスベルン・スネア（1170年にカロンボーを創設）の裕福な親戚であり、有力なヴィデ家と繋がりがあり、デンマーク有数の地主でもありました。インゲルトはドイツで出会ったアッシジの聖フランチェスコの教えに特に感銘を受け、修道院建設のためにカロンボーの土地と近隣の農場を寄付し、修道院の運営資金を調達しました。同時に、コペンハーゲン、ロスキレ、ネストヴェズにもフランシスコ会の修道院を設立しました。^[1]

カロンボーは当時、北海とバルト海を結ぶ交易路の重要な中継地点でした。フランシスコ会は、修道院が市門に近いという立地から恩恵を受けました。最初の教会は1279年に奉献され、短い身廊と聖歌隊席、そして後陣を備えていました。ゴシック様式のレンガ造りでした。

1360年、カロンボーは環状壁と塔で要塞化されました。修道院は城壁の安全を脅かす存在とみなされ、南西に少し移設されました。

修道院は教会を南翼とした斜めの長方形に建てられ、回廊と庭園がありました。墓地の正確な位置は不明ですが、後の発掘調査で時折埋葬地が発見されています。他の翼には、農場で働く修道士や信徒、司祭館、病院が置かれていました。

For many years Kalundborg Friary took a liberal view of the vows of chastity and poverty, and ran itself at a profit until 1518, when the chapter voted to return to a stricter interpretation of the rules of Franciscan brotherhood. The properties which had been used to create wealth were sold to the last Roman Catholic king of Denmark, Christian II.

Dissolution

Under Frederik I, successor to Christian after his forced abdication in 1523, Denmark was embroiled in the debate over Luther's reforms of the Roman Catholic church and moved rapidly towards religious reformation. Many Danes were tired of the enforced tithes and the donations sought by monasteries, hospitals, and other religious foundations. Although Frederik officially adopted even-handed treatment of Catholics and Lutherans, he actively promoted Lutheran ideas. He granted local officials permission to forcibly close Franciscan houses all over Denmark, or looked the other way when officials overstepped their authority and closed religious houses without permission. Prince Christian, later Christian III, also encouraged the closure of Franciscan houses on his lands.

In 1532 the governor of Kalundborg Castle forced the Franciscans from the friary at the instigation of Mogens Gjø, an ardent Lutheran who worked tirelessly to force the closure of monasteries on Jutland and Zealand. The last guardian of the friary, Melchior Jensen, offered only token resistance and then became the first Lutheran pastor of Kalundborg.^[2]

Denmark became officially Lutheran in October 1536 when all remaining religious houses in the country were closed. The buildings and properties associated with Kalundborg Friary became crown property and were administered by the governor of Kalundborg Castle. The buildings were converted into housing for workers on the royal farms and for storage (Kalundborg Slots Ladegård).

By 1751 most of the friary had already been demolished and a new large farm headquarters building was constructed on the site. Subsequently, the remaining buildings were also pulled down, and there are no visible remains of the 300-year history of the Franciscans in Kalundborg.

Notes

1. see Franciscan Friary, Copenhagen; Franciscan Friary, Roskilde; and Næstved Friary
2. The eyewitness account of those events may be read in 'Chronicle of the Expulsion of the Grayfriars'

Sources

• Ganshorn, Jørgen, nd: Kalundborgs Historie (in Danish)