ミコワイ・フソフチク

Polish-Lithuanian poet and activist

ミコワイ・フソフチク（ベラルーシ語：Мікола Гусоўскі、ローマ字： Mikola Husoŭski、リトアニア語：Mikalojus Husovianas、ラテン語：Nicolaus Hussovianus）。別名：Hussoviensis、Hussovianus、Ussovius、Hussowski、Gusowskiなど。（ 1480年頃^[a] - 1533年頃^{[b] ）は、}ポーランドおよびリトアニア大公国の初期ルネサンス期の詩人、人文主義者、文化社会活動家。代表作は詩『Carmen de statura...bisontis 』（バイソンの歌）である。

バイオグラフィー

彼の生涯については、1520年代を除いてほとんど何も知られていない。出生地については、ウォニツト近郊のフソフ（ Husów / Hussowo）あるいは、似た響きの地名を持つベラルーシの村（未詳）とされている。 ^{[1]フソフスキの著作に見られる民俗学的特徴から、}フロドナ近郊の地域が起源と推測される。^[^要出典^]

彼はおそらく1504年からクラクフアカデミーの学生だった。^{[2] 1515年より前に}プシェミシル教区の聖職者となり、聖座の公証人となった。^[2]フソフチクは王室大会計官のアンジェイ・コシチェレツキに仕え、 1515年にプシュチナで臨終の床にあった際に遺言を作成した。^[3]

Next Hussowczyk became a courtier of Grand Chancellor of Lithuania Mikołaj Radzwiłł. At his request Hussowczyk prepared the last will of Radzwiłł's cousin Zofia Sudymuntówna in 1518.^[4] In 1521 he travelled to Rome with a stuffed European bison, which was supposed to be a gift from Mikołaj Radzwiłł to Pope Leo X. In Rome, Hussowczyk met Erazm Ciołek, the Bishop of Płock. At this occasion Hussowczyk prepared Carmen de statura...bisontis. Sadly both gifts turned out to be redundant, because pope died in December 1521, before giving the audience.^[5]

Ciołek died in 1522 and Radzwiłł's a year before, so Hussowczyk deprived of a patron settled down in Kraków, where he probably had his ordination.^[1]

Hussowczyk was active in both the Crown and Lithuania, along with his uncertain birthplace, modern Polish, Lithuanian and Belarusian researchers tend to ascribe works of Hussowczyk to their respective cultural heritages.^[6]

Works

Per the scope of his literary works, Hussowczyk is considered to be the founder of the Belarusian Renaissance literary tradition,^[7] and author of the oldest examples of Polish-Latin poetry of the early Renaissance.^[1] Hussowczyk wrote in publicistical, epic, heroic, lyrical, historical and satirical genres.

His Latin poem Carmen de statura, feritate ac venatione bisontis ("A Song about the Appearance, Savagery and Hunting of the Bison", Kraków 1523) is considered to be the first large scale fictional work about Medieval Lithuania (or Belarus),^[6] describing the bison's life and habits, Lithuania's landscape and the relationship of its inhabitants with the environment.^[8] Written in Latin for Pope Leo X, an avid hunter, the poem stems from Hussowczyk's experience in hunting and observing bison, and contains no literary comparisons with ancient legendary creatures. Due to the deaths of both the Pope and Hussowczyk's patron, bishop Ciołek, the poem was eventually presented to Polish Queen Bona in Kraków.^[1] According to Polish researcher Edmund Kotarski, Hussowczyk belonged to the circle of Polish-Latin poets of the early Renaissance.^[1]

His best known works are:

Carmen de statura feritate ac venatione bisontis (English: The Song about Bison, Its Stature, Ferocity and Hunt), written in Classical Latin, 1522.
Nova et miranda victoria de Turcis mense Iulio (New and famous victory over Turks in month of July), written in one day, under the impression from the victory of the Polish Great Hetman of the Crown Mikołaj Firlej over Turks by Trembowla on July 2, 1524.
De vita et gestis Divi Hyacinthi (Life and feats of St. Hyacynth), about Polish Saint Hyacinth (1525).

Notes

^ Date of Hussowczyk's birth is not certain, established as between 1475 and 1485 (Kotarski).
^ It is also not known when he died; he was definitely still alive in 1533 (Kotarski).

References

^ a b c d e Edmund Kotarski, Mikołaj HUSSOWSKI (Hussowczyk, Hussovius, z Hussowa), VIRTUAL LIBRARY OF POLISH LITERATURE, University of Gdańsk
^ a b Wróbel 2018, p. 690.
^ Wróbel 2018, p. 691.
^ Wróbel 2018, p. 692.
^ Wróbel 2018, pp. 694–697.
^ a b (Darashkyevich) Віктар Дарашкевіч. Паэма жыцця // Песня пра зубра, Мінск, 1980. pp. 171—184.
^ Per respective entry in Encyclopedia of Belarusian Literature and Arts.
^ "Mikalojus Husovianas. Giesmė apie stumbrą" (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 2007-09-22.

External links

Biography and text of "Carmen de bisontis", translation into Polish by Jan Kasprowicz
A poem on bison, translation into English by Michał J. Mikoś
(in Polish) Dariusz Rott, Mikołaj Hussowski
Text of "Carmen de bisontis" in Lithuanian
Text of "Carmen de bisontis" in Belarusian
"Hunting the Lithuanina Bison" Amphora 6.1, by Frederick J. Booth Archived 2008-10-10 at the Wayback Machine

[1] Date of Hussowczyk's birth is not certain, established as between 1475 and 1485 (Kotarski).

[2] It is also not known when he died; he was definitely still alive in 1533 (Kotarski).

[Kotarski-3] Edmund Kotarski, Mikołaj HUSSOWSKI (Hussowczyk, Hussovius, z Hussowa), VIRTUAL LIBRARY OF POLISH LITERATURE, University of Gdańsk

[FOOTNOTEWróbel2018690-4] Wróbel 2018, p. 690.

[FOOTNOTEWróbel2018691-5] Wróbel 2018, p. 691.

[FOOTNOTEWróbel2018692-6] Wróbel 2018, p. 692.

[FOOTNOTEWróbel2018694–697-7] Wróbel 2018, pp. 694–697.

[Dar-8] (Darashkyevich) Віктар Дарашкевіч. Паэма жыцця // Песня пра зубра, Мінск, 1980. pp. 171—184.

[9] Per respective entry in Encyclopedia of Belarusian Literature and Arts.

[10] "Mikalojus Husovianas. Giesmė apie stumbrą" (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 2007-09-22.