Sheila Dikshit
Indian politician and former chief minister of Delhi (1938–2019)

Sheila Dikshit
President of Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee
In office
11 January 2019 – 20 July 2019
National President (INC)Rahul Gandhi
Preceded byAjay Maken
Succeeded bySubhash Chopra
In office
1998–1999
National President (INC)Sonia Gandhi
Preceded byAjay Maken
Succeeded bySubhash Chopra
20th Governor of Kerala
In office
11 March 2014 – 4 September 2014
Chief MinisterOommen Chandy
Preceded byNikhil Kumar
Succeeded byP. Sathasivam[1]
6th Chief Minister of Delhi
In office
3 December 1998 – 28 December 2013
Lieutenant GovernorVijai Kapoor
Banwari Lal Joshi
Tejendra Khanna
Najeeb Jung
Preceded bySushma Swaraj
Succeeded byArvind Kejriwal
Member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly
In office
4 December 2008 – 28 December 2013
Preceded byConstituency Established
Succeeded byArvind Kejriwal
ConstituencyNew Delhi
In office
3 December 1998 – 3 December 2008
Preceded byKirti Azad
Succeeded byConstituency Abolished
ConstituencyGole Market
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
In office
1984–1989
Preceded byChhotey Singh Yadav
Succeeded byChhotey Singh Yadav
ConstituencyKannauj
Member of Indian delegation
United Nations Commission on the Status of Women
In office
1984–89
Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi
Union Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs, Government of India
In office
1984–1989
Prime MinisterRajiv Gandhi
Personal details
Born(1938-03-31)31 March 1938
Kapurthala, Kapurthala State, British India
(present-day: Punjab, India)
Died20 July 2019(2019-07-20) (aged 81)[2]
New Delhi, India
PartyIndian National Congress
SpouseVinod Dikshit
Children2, including Sandeep Dikshit
Alma materMiranda House, University of Delhi

Sheila Dikshit (pronounced [ˈʃiːlaː ˈdiːkʂɪt] ⓘ) (née Kapoor; 31 March 1938 – 20 July 2019)[3] was an Indian politician. The longest-serving chief minister of Delhi, as well as the longest-serving female chief minister in Indian history, she served for a period of 15 years beginning in 1998. Dikshit led the Indian National Congress party to three consecutive electoral victories in Delhi.

Dikshit lost the December 2013 elections of the Delhi Legislative Assembly to the Bharatiya Janata Party, though Aam Aadmi Party formed a minority government with outside support from the INC, with Arvind Kejriwal as the chief minister.[4] She briefly served as the Governor of Kerala in 2014.[5] Dikshit was later declared a chief ministerial candidate for the Indian National Congress in the 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, but withdrew her nomination (Akhilesh Yadav was announced as candidate). She was appointed president of Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee on 10 January 2019 to lead the general election in Delhi for Congress and remained in office until her death in July later that year.[6]

Early years

Sheila Kapoor[7] was born on 31 March 1938 in the city of Kapurthala in the Kapurthala Princely State of British India (now in Punjab, India) into a Punjabi Hindu Khatri family.[8] Her father's name was Sanjay Kapoor. She was educated at the Convent of Jesus and Mary School in New Delhi and graduated with a Master of Arts degree in history from the Miranda House at the University of Delhi.[9]

Political career

Sheila Dikshit was handpicked by Rajiv Gandhi to be part of his council of ministers after he became the prime minister in 1984. During the period between 1984 and 1989, she represented Kannauj parliamentary constituency of Uttar Pradesh.[10] As a member of Parliament, she served on the Estimates Committee of Lok Sabha. Dikshit also chaired the Implementation Committee for Commemoration of Forty Years of India's Independence and Jawaharlal Nehru centenary. She represented India at United Nations Commission on Status of Women for five years (1984–1989). She also served as a Union Minister during 1986–1989, first as the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and later as a minister of state in the Prime Minister's Office. In Uttar Pradesh, she and her 82 colleagues were jailed in August 1990 for 23 days by the state government when she led a movement against the atrocities being committed against women.[11]

Earlier, in the early 1970s, she was chairperson of the Young Women's Association and was instrumental in the setting up of two of the most successful hostels for working women in Delhi.[12] She was also the secretary of the Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust.[13]

In the 1998 parliamentary elections, Dikshit was defeated by Bharatiya Janata Party's Lal Bihari Tiwari in East Delhi constituency. Later in the year, Dikshit became Chief Minister of Delhi, a position she held until 2013. Dikshit represented the Gole Market assembly constituency in the 1998 and 2003 Assembly elections and New Delhi constituency from 2008.[14]

In 2009 and 2013, Dikshit was investigated for alleged misuse of government funds, but no charges were brought.[15][16][17][18]

Her party was wiped out in the 2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election and Arvind Kejriwal, founder of the Aam Aadmi Party, won the election in the New Delhi Assembly constituency by a margin of 25,864 votes.[19][20] She resigned on 8 December 2013, but remained the caretaker chief minister of Delhi until the new government was sworn in on 28 December 2013. She was appointed the governor of Kerala in March 2014, but was forced to resign five months later.[21] She contested the 2019 Lok Sabha Elections as the candidate for Indian National Congress in the North East Delhi Constituency but came second after Bharatiya Janata Party's Manoj Tiwari.

Chief Minister of Delhi (1998–2013)

Sheila Dikshit served as the Chief Minister of Delhi for three consecutive terms from 1998 to 2013, making her the longest-serving chief minister of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. She assumed office on 3 December 1998 after the Indian National Congress won the Delhi Legislative Assembly elections, ending the 15-year rule of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the capital.[22]

Her fifteen-year tenure marked a period of sustained political dominance by the Congress in Delhi and established Dikshit as one of the most influential women leaders in Indian politics.[23]

First term (1998–2003)

Sheila Dikshit began her first term as chief minister at a time when Delhi was facing challenges related to infrastructure, governance, and public services. Her government focused on stabilising the administration and improving basic civic amenities such as roads, power supply, and public transport. The Congress government under her leadership projected a development-oriented image, which helped consolidate its position in the capital.[24]

Her leadership during this period laid the foundation for long-term urban reforms and helped the Congress regain public confidence after years in opposition.

Second term (2003–2008)

Dikshit was re-elected in the 2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election, becoming the first woman chief minister of Delhi to secure a second consecutive term. The Congress victory was widely attributed to the government’s emphasis on urban development and administrative continuity.[25]

During her second term, her governance style was often described as technocratic and consultative, relying heavily on bureaucratic expertise and policy-driven decision-making. This phase also saw Delhi preparing for large-scale urban transformation ahead of international events, reinforcing Dikshit’s image as a development-focused administrator.[26]

Third term (2008–2013)

In the 2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election, Sheila Dikshit led the Congress to a third consecutive victory, a rare political achievement in Delhi’s electoral history. The win established her as the longest-serving chief minister of the capital and underscored the Congress party’s sustained dominance under her leadership.[27]

Her third term coincided with growing public scrutiny of governance, rising civic expectations, and increasing political opposition. Despite these challenges, Dikshit remained a central figure in Delhi politics until the end of her tenure.

The Congress government suffered a major electoral defeat in the 2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election, and Dikshit lost the New Delhi constituency to Arvind Kejriwal of the Aam Aadmi Party. The result marked the end of her 15-year tenure and a significant shift in Delhi’s political landscape.[28]

Administration and governance

During her tenure as Chief Minister of Delhi from 1998 to 2013, Sheila Dikshit focused on strengthening urban governance, improving public services, and maintaining cooperative federal relations with the Government of India. Her administration coincided with a phase of rapid urbanisation, population growth, and infrastructural expansion in the National Capital Territory of Delhi.

Urban governance

Dikshit’s government placed strong emphasis on modernising Delhi’s urban infrastructure. Major initiatives included expansion of the Delhi Metro, introduction of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridor, development of flyovers, and road-widening projects to address traffic congestion. The expansion of the metro network was often cited as one of the most significant urban transport achievements during her tenure.[29]

Her government also pursued environmental reforms in urban transport, including the conversion of public transport buses to CNG, aimed at reducing air pollution in the capital. The move was widely regarded as a landmark environmental policy decision in urban India.[30]

Public services

Improvement of public services formed a central component of Dikshit’s governance agenda. Her administration focused on reforms in electricity distribution, leading to the privatisation of power distribution companies to reduce transmission losses and improve service delivery. While the reforms attracted criticism, they resulted in more reliable electricity supply compared to the 1990s.[31]

In healthcare and education, the Delhi government expanded public hospitals, dispensaries, and government schools. Several flyover-linked urban renewal projects and hospital expansions were undertaken in preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.[32]

Coordination with the central government

As chief minister, Dikshit frequently worked in coordination with the central government, particularly during periods when the Indian National Congress led the United Progressive Alliance at the Centre. Major infrastructure projects such as the Delhi Metro, airport modernisation, and Commonwealth Games preparations involved joint decision-making between the Delhi government and central ministries.[33]

However, her tenure also highlighted structural tensions between the elected Delhi government and centrally appointed authorities, reflecting the limited statehood status of Delhi. Dikshit repeatedly advocated for greater administrative powers for the Delhi government to improve governance efficiency.[34]

Infrastructure development

Infrastructure development was one of the defining features of Sheila Dikshit’s tenure as Chief Minister of Delhi. Between 1998 and 2013, her government oversaw large-scale expansion of transport, power, and water infrastructure to support the city’s rapid urban growth.

Delhi Metro

The expansion of the Delhi Metro is widely regarded as one of the most significant urban transport achievements during Dikshit’s tenure. Under her administration, multiple phases of the metro network were completed, transforming public transport in the capital and helping reduce traffic congestion and pollution.[35] The metro’s expansion was also closely linked to preparations for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, improving connectivity across the city and its suburbs.[36]

Road and flyover expansion

Dikshit’s administration undertook extensive road modernisation and flyover construction projects to ease traffic congestion. Several major flyovers, underpasses, and widened arterial roads were constructed across Delhi, particularly in preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, marking a shift towards grade-separated road infrastructure in the capital.[37] While some projects faced criticism over delays and cost overruns, these initiatives significantly altered Delhi’s urban road network and traffic flow.[38]

Power sector reforms

A major structural reform under Dikshit’s government was the privatisation of Delhi’s electricity distribution sector in 2002. The reform aimed to reduce transmission and distribution losses, improve billing efficiency, and ensure more reliable power supply. Private distribution companies replaced the earlier state-run system, contributing to reduced outages compared to the 1990s era.[39] Despite criticism over rising tariffs, the reforms were later cited as a reference point for power sector restructuring in other Indian cities.[40]

Water supply projects

Dikshit’s government also focused on improving water availability and treatment capacity in Delhi. Major initiatives included the expansion and upgrading of water treatment plants operated by the Delhi Jal Board, as well as efforts to reduce water shortages in unauthorised and resettlement colonies.[41] Large-scale water infrastructure projects, such as new treatment facilities and pipeline networks, were undertaken to meet rising demand, though challenges related to leakage, groundwater depletion, and inter-state water sharing persisted during her tenure.[42]

Social welfare initiatives

During her tenure as Chief Minister of Delhi, Sheila Dikshit’s government implemented several social welfare initiatives aimed at improving education, healthcare, women’s welfare, and living conditions for economically weaker sections of society.

Education initiatives

The Dikshit administration expanded access to public education by increasing investment in government schools and colleges. New classrooms were constructed, school infrastructure was upgraded, and efforts were made to improve teacher recruitment and training. The government also supported the expansion of higher education institutions, including state-funded universities and professional colleges, to meet the growing demand for education in the capital.[43]

Health sector reforms

Healthcare reforms formed an important component of Dikshit’s welfare agenda. Her government expanded public hospitals, upgraded existing medical facilities, and increased the number of dispensaries across Delhi. Major hospitals such as Lok Nayak Hospital and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital underwent expansion to improve access to affordable healthcare for low-income populations.[44]

Women-centric schemes

Sheila Dikshit’s administration introduced several schemes aimed at women’s empowerment and social security. These included financial assistance programs for widows, elderly women, and women from economically weaker sections. Her government also supported initiatives focused on women’s safety, skill development, and access to education, reinforcing her image as a leader attentive to gender-related social issues.[45]

Slum redevelopment

Addressing housing and living conditions in informal settlements was another priority area. Dikshit’s government undertook slum redevelopment and resettlement projects, aiming to provide basic amenities such as housing, sanitation, electricity, and water supply to residents of unauthorised colonies and slum clusters. While the initiatives improved infrastructure in some areas, they also generated debate over displacement and rehabilitation policies.[46]

Personal life

Dikshit was married to Vinod Dikshit, son of independence activist and former West Bengal governor Uma Shankar Dikshit from Unnao.[47] He was an officer in the Indian Administrative Service.[48]

Dikshit was the mother of two children: a son, Sandeep Dikshit, who is a former member of Parliament of the 15th Lok Sabha from East Delhi,[49] and a daughter, Latika Dikshit, who was married to Syed Mohammad Imran, an architect.[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]

Dikshit underwent angioplasty in November 2012.[60] In 2018, she had heart surgery in University Hospital in Lille, France.[61]

Commonwealth Games 2010

The most significant controversy during her tenure was related to the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Although the event showcased major improvements in Delhi’s infrastructure, including roads, flyovers, and sporting facilities, it was overshadowed by allegations of corruption, cost overruns, and administrative lapses. As chief minister, Dikshit defended the preparations and argued that the long-term infrastructure benefits justified the expenditure, while investigations into alleged irregularities were conducted by central agencies.[62]

Dikshit’s government also faced criticism over issues such as rising electricity tariffs following power sector reforms, delays in certain infrastructure projects, and administrative challenges associated with Delhi’s complex governance structure. Critics argued that coordination between the elected Delhi government and centrally appointed authorities often resulted in policy bottlenecks. Supporters, however, maintained that these challenges stemmed from Delhi’s limited statehood status rather than administrative failure alone.[63]

Death

Dikshit was admitted to Fortis Escorts Heart Institute on 19 July 2019 for cardiac arrhythmia and was put on a ventilator within a few moments of her admission. Her condition stabilised temporarily, however she did not recover from multiple cardiac arrests and her condition worsened during the following period. She later died at 3:55 pm on 20 July 2019, at the age of 81.[64][65][66]

The Delhi government announced a two-day mourning period on her death, and accorded her a state funeral.[67]

Awards and recognition

  • 2008 Best Chief Minister of India, by Journalist Association of India
  • 2009 Politician of the Year by NDTV
  • 2010 Dara Shikoh award by Indo-Iran Society[68]
  • 2013 Delhi Women of the Decade Achievers Award 2013 by ALL Ladies League for Outstanding Public Service.[69]
  • Dikshit at Chief Ministers Conference in New Delhi.
    Dikshit at Chief Ministers Conference in New Delhi.
  • Dikshit meets Prime Minister Modi.
    Dikshit meets Prime Minister Modi.
  • Sheila Dikshit handing over the Olympic Torch to Indian Olympic Association president Suresh Kalmadi at the beginning of the Olympic Torch Relay in 2004
    Sheila Dikshit handing over the Olympic Torch to Indian Olympic Association president Suresh Kalmadi at the beginning of the Olympic Torch Relay in 2004

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