トラヴァンコアの反乱

トラヴァンコアの反乱
日付1808年12月18日～1809年1月19日（1ヶ月1日）
場所
現代の南インド
結果 イギリスの勝利
交戦国
大英帝国
トラヴァンコールトラヴァンコール・コーチン
シーク帝国
兵力
イギリス兵とナイル兵14,500人 ナイル族兵士2万5000人、ロケット弾運搬人2000人、シク教徒兵士100人
死傷者
死傷者4,012人 ナイル族兵士20,000人が降伏、ナイル族兵士4,249人が死亡、シク教徒兵士100人が死亡

トラヴァンコールの反乱は、 1808年から1809年にかけて、トラヴァンコールとコーチンの両インドの首相が主導し、パンジャブを統治していたシク教徒の支援を受けてイギリス東インド会社に対して起こった。[ 1 ]

背景

1795年の東インド会社・トラヴァンコール補助同盟条約は、イギリス東インド会社とトラヴァンコール王国の間に補助同盟を確立しました。この条約の下、会社はトラヴァンコールまたはその近郊に補助的な軍隊を維持し、外国勢力から王国を防衛することになり、維持費はトラヴァンコール政府が負担することになりました。会社は1789年のマイソール侵攻の際に同盟国トラヴァンコールを代表して介入し、第三次マイソール戦争でマイソールを破りました。[ 2 ] [ 3 ]マハラジャ・ダルマ・ラージャの死後、次の統治者バララーマ・ヴァルマは弱体化し、彼の大臣たちが国の運営においてより大きな発言権を持つようになり、事実上の国家統治者となりました[ 4 ] 1804年、トラヴァンコール軍の一部が反乱を起こし、ダラワ・ヴェル・タンピが暗殺未遂事件に巻き込まれた後、ダラワ本人の命により、会社軍は当初ダラワを保護し、後に反乱を鎮圧した。1805年7月に締結された条約により、トラヴァンコールの軍事義務は401,655ルピーの追加補助金と、国家防衛のために発生する更なる費用の一部を負担する財政的義務に置き換えられた。

In 1806, the Maharaja of Travancore did not have the funds to pay the additional subsidy in full. The Company remitted half of the subsidy for two years, so that the king could make military budget cuts to raise the funds to pay it in full afterwards. In 1807, the king still lacked the funds to pay the subsidy in full, requested permanent remission of half of the subsidy, and also requested that future payments. The British Resident at Travancore, Lieutenant ColonelColin Macaulay, insisted on prompt payment of the arrears, which amounted to 662,669 rupees, and demanded military reduction and the disbandment Travancore's Carnatic Brigade to raise the money. The king insisted on retaining the corps. The Company intended to discharge the unremitted half of the subsidy, and the entirety of it from 1807. DalawaVelu Thampi claimed that the requirement of the additional subsidy was a product of extortion. In 1808, he and the king asked for the additional subsidy to be relinquished entirely.

Resident Macaulay attributed the government's refusal to pay the subsidy by making military cuts to Dalawa Velu Thampi, and said that the king was satisfied with the subsidiary arrangements. After the dalawa received a letter from GovernorGeorge Barlow of Madras, he appeared happy, apologised to the resident for delaying the payment of the subsidy, and arranged for the payment to be made in installments. However, when the payments stopped after 60,000 rupees, with over 800,000 still unpaid, the resident suggested to the king that Velu Thampi be replaced as the Dalawa of Travancore. The king in turn requested the Madras Presidency to replace Macaulay as the Resident of Travancore.

The Dalawa of Cochin, Paliath Achan, harboured discontent for Macaulay over the resident's friendship with his sworn enemy, Kunhikrishna Menon of Nadavarambu, the finance minister of Cochin. He suggested to Velu Thampi that the resident be assassinated by military force. Velu Thampi accepted and prepared for battle, organising and training a group of Travancori sepoys. He held secret meetings with the Americans, the Calicutites and the French, the latter of whom gave assurances of military support from Mauritius, including 500 artillerymen to land on the Malabar coast in January 1809.

Course

On 18 December 1808, open rebellion broke out in Travancore and Cochin. At midnight, the Resident's house in Cochin was stormed, though Colonel Macaulay and Kunhikrishana Menon managed to escape. The British garrison in Cochin, under Lieutenant Colonel John Chalmers, found itself under attack by thousands of militia as well as the state forces of Travancore. Reinforcements. including the 1st Battalion 17th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry (1/17th MNI) were dispatched from Madras and arrived in Cochin in early January 1809.[5]

On 19 January 1809, a large force of rebels attacked the town of Cochin, which was being defended by six companies of 1/17th MNI and fifty men of the 12th Regiment of Foot under the command of Major W. H. Hewitt of 1/17th MNI. Major Hewitt and his men repulsed the attack after a gallant and skilful defence.[5] In a dispatch to the Resident, Major Hewitt described the action:

... the detachment HM's 12th Regiment, and the six companies 1st Battalion 17th Regiment under my command, were attacked by three columns of the enemy on three different points about 6 o’clock this morning, and after a very severe engagement of three hours, we repulsed them on all sides with considerable slaughter, and captured their two guns ... from what I could observe in the field of action, the enemy's forces appeared about 3000 excellent disciplined troops, but from what I can collect from report, they amounted to much more.[6]

In a second dispatch, Hewitt gave more details of the action:

... the enemy advanced along the glaces in sub-divisions in most perfect order, with a six pounder in front of their centre ... a four pounder flanking us ... I drew my party up under cover of a small part of the glaces, and at the distance of thirty paces gave them a volley of musketry, and charged them with the bayonet, they gave us two rounds from the gun, some from their fire locks and ran away. This disposed off the first column. The other two columns captured the fort, and ... I despatched Captain Jones with a company to take them on their right flank, (which he did with great value) ... they ran in all directions ... their loss amounts in killed and wounded to about 300 men.[5]

The casualties of 1/17th MNI were ten privates killed and 45 wounded in addition to Captain John Reid, who later died of his wounds. For the gallant defence, the battalion was later awarded the Battle Honour of "Cochin".[7]

The British troops defeated the rebels in another battle at Quilon. In the meantime, following Thampi's Kundara Proclamation on 11 January 1809, some British civilians and their native supporters were executed by the rebels in Travancore. In mid-January, the British assembled a force of 3000 in the south of Travancore to relieve pressure on Lieutenant Colonel Chalmers’ force and under Colonel St. Leger, it entered Travancore via the Aramboly Pass and occupied the fortress there. 100 Sikh soldiers were commanded under Jarnail (General) Sadhu Singh Chauhan and were able to hold the British soldiers long enough till a collaborated massacre of British soldiers happened, it is known as the Massacre of Aramboly.

On 19 February 1809, the strategic forts of Udayagiri and Padmanabhapuram fell to the British. The army marched to Trivandrum, the capital of Travancore and camped at the suburb of Pappanamcode, while another force entered Cochin and chased away the remaining rebels.

The Rajas of both the states had not openly supported the rebels and at these turn of events, the Maharaja of Travancore defected to the East India company and appointed a new Dalawa. Following a severe defeat at Cochin, Paliath Achan, the Dalawa of Cochin, defected from the anti-British alliance on 27 February 1809. The Maharajah issued an order for the arrest of Velu Thampi, who was run to the ground by the Maharajah's soldiers at Mannadi. Velu Thampi committed suicide to avoid capture, and with his death, the rebellion promptly ended.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^Journal of Kerala Studies. University of Kerala. 1978.
  2. ^ Pages 389-400, The Travancore State Manual, V. Nagyam Aiya, 1906, Travancore government Press
  3. ^Pages 225-239, A history of Travancore from the earliest times, P. Shungoony Menon, 1878, published by Higginbotham and Co, Madras
  4. ^page 337, A survey of Kerala History, Prof. A Sreedhara Menon, published by S.viswananthan Printers and Publishers, Madras, 1996
  5. ^ abcAhmad & Ahmed 2006, pp. 21–2.
  6. ^Wilson 1883, pp. 208–10.
  7. ^Cook 1987.
  8. ^Alappat 1967.

Bibliography

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