推奨される予防措置

推奨予防措置（アラビア語：احتياط مستحب、ローマ字：  Ihtiyat Mustahabb）は、シーア派のマルジャがファトワ（布告）を発する際によく用いられるフィクフ（宗教法）用語です。イフティヤットとは、本来のタクリフ（戒律）に一定の知識を組み込んだ行為のことです。この用語は、ウスリー派の見解と法的な観点（フィクフ）の2つの観点から考察されます。ウスリー派の見解では、イフティヤットはイフティヤットの原理に関係するのに対し、法的な見解では、イフティヤットはイジュティハード、模倣、そしてキサース（宗教法）を扱います。

意味

There are many definitions for recommended precaution (Ihtiyat) in fiqh books and essays. Ihtiyat is observed where the man of jurisprudence does not say anything about fatwa and on the other hand jurists choose the way of imitation freely. Sometimes Ihtiyat is to action of Mokallaf (one who must act religious tasks) in such a way that the one find definite knowledge of original task. Ihtiyat sometimes is along with the repetition of action and sometimes with is not along with. There is also a difference between Ihtiyat in fatwa and giving fatwa in recommended precaution.[1]Ihtiyat literally means preservation and keeping.[2] Caution concerned primarily with action but Tavaqqof with creating rules.[3]

Types of ihtiyat

There are many divisions in Ihtiyat and its types. Ihtiyat divided in one hand into indispensable, mostahab and needed and in other hand in respect to action, not action and collection of action and not action.

Ihtiyat in the Quran

Three groups of verses refer to indispensability of ihtiyat.

  • The first group refers to those verses which point to forbidding talking about something without having knowledge.

    (O man), follow not that whereof thou hast no knowledge. Lo! the hearing and the sight and the heart - of each of these it will be asked.

    — [Quran 17:36]

Then verily We shall question those unto whom (Our message) hath been sent, and verily We shall question the messengers

— [Quran 7:33]

  • The second group refers to those verses which point to forbidding the annihilation of human souls.

Spend your wealth for the cause of Allah, and be not cast by your own hands to ruin; and do good. Lo! Allah loveth the beneficent.

— [Quran 2:195]

  • The third group refers to those verses which point to order to taghwa (avoiding).[4]

Spend your wealth for the cause of Allah, and be not cast by your own hands to ruin; and do good. Lo! Allah loveth the beneficent.

— [Quran 3:102]

So keep your duty to Allah as best ye can, and listen, and obey, and spend; that is better for your souls. And whoso is saved from his own greed, such are the successful.

— [Quran 64:16]

シーア派のマルジャがファトワ（布告）を発する際には、特定の事柄の合法性について確信が持てない場合があります。そのような場合、彼らは、そのマルジャの信奉者に対し、それが実際にハラムとなる可能性がある場合に備えて、その行為を控えるよう勧告します。これは、義務ではないと知りながら自発的に行動したり、控えたりする行為を指す一般的な用語である「ムスタハブ」とは対照的です。

例:

たとえ子供であっても、トイレでキブラに顔や背中を向けて座らせないようにすることが推奨されます。しかし、子供がそのような姿勢をとった場合、必ずしも方向を変える必要はありません。[ 5 ]

参考文献

「 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recommended_precaution&oldid=1320744065」より取得