Paraná River
| Paraná River Rio Paraná, Río Paraná | |
|---|---|
 Paraná River seen from Zárate, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina | |
 Map of the Paraná River Basin, showing the Paraná River in highlight | |
| Native name | Parana (Guarani) |
| Location | |
| Countries | |
| Region | South America |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Paranaíba |
| • location | Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil |
| • coordinates | 19°13′21″S46°10′28″W / 19.22250°S 46.17444°W / -19.22250; -46.17444[1] |
| • elevation | 1,148 m (3,766 ft) |
| 2nd source | Rio Grande |
| • location | Bocaina de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil |
| • coordinates | 22°9′56″S44°23′38″W / 22.16556°S 44.39389°W / -22.16556; -44.39389 |
| Source confluence | Paranaíba and Rio Grande |
| • coordinates | 20°5′12″S51°0′2″W / 20.08667°S 51.00056°W / -20.08667; -51.00056 |
| Mouth | Rio de la Plata |
• location | Atlantic Ocean, Argentina, Uruguay |
• coordinates | 34°0′5″S58°23′37″W / 34.00139°S 58.39361°W / -34.00139; -58.39361[2] |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 2,546 km (1,582 mi)[3] (Paraná with Paranaíba 3,740 km, Paraná with Rio Grande 4,001 km[4]) (Río de la Plata–Paraná–Rio Grande 4,880 km[5]) |
| Basin size | 2,630,667 km2 (1,015,706 mi2)[6] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Paraná Delta |
| • average | (Period 1971–2010)19,706 m3/s (695,900 cu ft/s)[6] (17,290 m3/s (611,000 cu ft/s)[5]–21,100 m3/s (750,000 cu ft/s)[7]) |
| • minimum | 2,450 m3/s (87,000 cu ft/s) |
| • maximum | 65,000 m3/s (2,300,000 cu ft/s) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Corrientes |
| • average | (Period 1971–2010)18,979 m3/s (670,200 cu ft/s)[6] (Period: 1904–2022)17,179.11 m3/s (606,675 cu ft/s)[8] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Itatí |
| • average | (Period 1971–2010)13,916 m3/s (491,400 cu ft/s)[6] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Itaipú |
| • average | (Period 1971–2010)11,746 m3/s (414,800 cu ft/s)[6] (Period: 1981–2022) 10,284 m3/s (363,200 cu ft/s)[9] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Porto Primavera |
| • average | (Period 1971–2010)7,938 m3/s (280,300 cu ft/s)[6] |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Río de la Plata → Atlantic Ocean |
| River system | Río de la Plata |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Gualeguay, Iguaçu, Piquiri, Ivaí, Paranapanema, Tietê, Rio Grande |
| • right | Carcarañá, Salado, Paraguay, Ivinhema, Pardo, Verde, Sucuriú, Paranaiba |
The Paraná River (Portuguese: Rio Paraná[ˈʁi.upaɾaˈna]ⓘ; Spanish: Río Paraná[ˈri.opaɾaˈna]ⓘ; Guarani: Ysyry Parana) is a river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some 4,880 kilometres (3,030 mi).[5] Among South American rivers, it is second in length only to the Amazon River. It merges with the Paraguay River and then farther downstream with the Uruguay River to form the Río de la Plata and empties into the Atlantic Ocean.
The first European to go up the Paraná River was the Venetian explorer Sebastian Cabot, in 1526, while working for Spain.
A drought hit the river in 2021, causing a 77-year low.[10][11]
Etymology
In eastern South America there is "an immense number of river names containing the element para- or parana-", from Guarani language words meaning "river" or "sea"; attempts to derive a more precise meaning for the name of this, the largest of them, e.g. "kin of the sea", have been discounted.[12]
Course
 |
The course is formed at the confluence of the Paranaiba and Rio Grande rivers in southern Brazil. From the confluence the river flows in a generally southwestern direction for about 619 km (385 mi) before encountering the city of Saltos del Guaira, Paraguay. This was once the location of the Guaíra Falls (Sete Quedas waterfalls, where the Paraná fell over a series of seven cascades. This natural feature was said to rival the world-famous Iguazu Falls to the south. The falls were flooded, however, by the construction of the Itaipu Dam, which began operating in 1984.For approximately the next 200 km (120 mi), the Paraná flows southward and forms a natural boundary between Paraguay and Brazil until the confluence with the Iguazu River. Further upstream from this confluence, however, the river is dammed by the Itaipu Dam, the third largest hydroelectric power plant in the world (following the Three Gorges Dam and the Baihetan Dam, both in the People's Republic of China), creating a massive, shallow reservoir behind it.
After merging with the Iguazu, the Paraná becomes the natural border between Paraguay and Argentina. Overlooking the Paraná River from Encarnación, Paraguay, across the river, is downtown Posadas, Argentina. The river continues its general southward course for about 468 km (291 mi) before making a gradual turn to the west for another 820 km (510 mi), and then encounters the Paraguay River, the largest tributary along the course of the river. Before this confluence, the river passes through a second major hydroelectric project, the Yacyretá Dam, a joint project between Paraguay and Argentina. The massive reservoir formed by the project has been the source of a number of problems for people living along the river, most notably the poorer merchants and residents in the low-lying areas of Encarnación, a major city on the southern border of Paraguay. River levels rose dramatically upon completion of the dam, flooding out large sections of the city's lower areas.
From the confluence with the Paraguay River, the Paraná again turns to the south for another approximately 820 km (510 mi) through Argentina, making a slow turn back to the east near the city of Rosario for the final stretch of less than 500 km (310 mi) before merging with the Uruguay River to form the Río de la Plata. This flows into the Atlantic Ocean. During the part of its course downstream from the city of Diamante, Entre Ríos, it splits into several arms and it forms the Paraná Delta.
Tributaries
The main tributaries from the mouth:[13]
| Left tributary | Right tributary | Length (km) | Basin size (km2) | Average discharge (m3/s)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paraná Delta | ||||
| Luján | 100 | 5,065.6 | 60.5 | |
| Arroyo de La Cruz | 1,057.2 | 12.9 | ||
| Areco | 124 | 4,149.8 | 51.6 | |
| Arrecifes | 255 | 11,304.4 | 114.4 | |
| Gualeguay | 375 | 22,716 | 237.9 | |
| Nogoyá | 164 | 9,334.5 | 120 | |
| Arroyo Tiestos Grandes | 210 | 2,070.6 | 12.2 | |
| Arroyo Ramallo | 1,175.2 | 10.6 | ||
| Arroyo Yaquarón | 1,825.5 | 15.8 | ||
| Arroyo Pavón | 90 | 2,611.7 | 21.2 | |
| Arroyo Saladillo | 145 | 3,144 | 20.6 | |
| Carcaraña | 240 | 48,746.5 | 81 | |
| Río Salado del Norte | 2,355 | 225,844.4 | 170 | |
| Lower Paraná | ||||
| Arroyo de las Conchas | 50 | 2,184 | 14.2 | |
| Arroyo Feliciano | 198 | 8,341 | 76.9 | |
| Guayquiraró | 158 | 9,701 | 90 | |
| Corriente (Aruhary) | 500 | 26,872.9 | 336.2 | |
| San Javier | 250 | 2,948.4 | 16.4 | |
| Arroyo El Rey | 6,346.4 | 40 | ||
| Río Los Amores (São Jerônimo) | 177 | 17,440.7 | 69.7 | |
| Santa Lucia | 190 | 6,963.4 | 85.6 | |
| Paraná Miní–Tapenaga | 300 | 12,072.7 | 53.5 | |
| Tacuari | 7,034.6 | 39.1 | ||
| Arroyo San Lourenzo | 1,411.4 | 12.4 | ||
| Empedrado | 2,002.2 | 18.3 | ||
| Riachuelo | 2,921.9 | 26.2 | ||
| Negro (Chaco) | 410 | 21,121.4 | 58.5 | |
| Guaycurú | 446 | 21,656.6 | 33.9 | |
| Paraguay | 2,695 | 1,137,190.9 | 5,070.2 | |
| Yabebyry | 1,955 | 30.31 | ||
| Arroyo Aguapey | 60 | 1,809 | 35.06 | |
| Tacuary | 1,010 | 20.54 | ||
| Arroyo Garupá | 62 | 1,416 | 38.1 | |
| Arroyo Yabebiry | 130.1 | 1,889.3 | 46.9 | |
| Capiibari | 978 | 12.2 | ||
| Pirapó | 952 | 20.5 | ||
| Arroyo Cuñapirú | 67.6 | 525 | 11.3 | |
| Pirajui | 97 | 1,221 | 26.6 | |
| Arroyo Garuhapé | 527.9 | 11.7 | ||
| Tembey | 95 | 1,243 | 28.8 | |
| Arroyo Paranay Guazú | 114.2 | 1,319.5 | 30.7 | |
| Arroyo Piray Guazú | 69.5 | 2,141.5 | 63.9 | |
| Arroyo Piray Mini | 88.5 | 1,476.6 | 50.7 | |
| Yacuy Guazú | 788 | 23.77 | ||
| Arroyo Aguaray Guazú | 873 | 27.8 | ||
| Ñacunday | 150 | 2,541 | 82.74 | |
| Arroyo | 150.5 | 2,533.7 | 96.3 | |
| Monday | 150 | 6,693 | 164.7 | |
| Iguaçu | 1,320 | 67,537.3 | 1,836 | |
| Acaray | 160 | 9,681 | 233.7 | |
| Limay | 1,099.8 | 27.4 | ||
| São | 73 | 1,706.3 | 53.7 | |
| Itambey | 115 | 1,805.3 | 39.5 | |
| São Francisco Verdadeiro | 152 | 2,210.2 | 64.2 | |
| Arroyo Pozuelo | 572.2 | 15 | ||
| Carapa | 150 | 2,678 | 44 | |
| Arroyo | 1,222.3 | 26.6 | ||
| Piratiy | 80 | 1,545.6 | 22.4 | |
| Upper Paraná | ||||
| Piquiri | 665 | 24,156 | 606.5 | |
| Iguatemi | 300 | 8,409.3 | 99.2 | |
| Maracaí | 1,831.2 | 18.3 | ||
| Amambaí | 340 | 10,094.6 | 101.6 | |
| Ivaí | 798 | 36,587 | 733.4 | |
| Laranjal | 1,782 | 14.9 | ||
| Ivinheima | 595 | 38,200 | 544.5 | |
| Bahia | 1,344 | 10.2 | ||
| Paranapanema | 929 | 101,738.7 | 1,198.4 | |
| Samambaia | 1,379.7 | 12.3 | ||
| Santo Anastácio | 102 | 2,132.4 | 15 | |
| Pardo | 600 | 39,419.4 | 529 | |
| Taquaruçu | 2,615.3 | 17.9 | ||
| Rio do Peixe | 380 | 10,195.4 | 84 | |
| Verde | 500 | 22,470.7 | 185 | |
| Aguapeí | 420 | 12,026.4 | 85.3 | |
| Sucuriú | 450 | 25,220 | 353.7 | |
| Tietê | 1,150 | 72,168 | 937.2 | |
| São José dos Dourados | 334.5 | 6,783 | 52.3 | |
| Quiteria | 2,384.9 | 29.2 | ||
| Rio Grande | 1,455 | 143,484 | 2,279 | |
| Paranaíba | ||||
| Aporé | 200 | 6,965.3 | 109 | |
| Corrente | 7,323.5 | 119 | ||
| São Domingos (Arantes) | 3,589.7 | 39.2 | ||
| Verde | 11,768.2 | 192.1 | ||
| Claro | 495.2 | 13,684.2 | 205.4 | |
| Ribeiro dos Patos | 1,073.1 | 10.8 | ||
| Alegre | 1,406.1 | 17.3 | ||
| Preto | 127.3 | 2,302.6 | 29.9 | |
| São Francisco | 1,337.9 | 15.7 | ||
| Tijuco | 355 | 14,284 | 170.2 | |
| Dos Bois | 528 | 34,759 | 334 | |
| Meia Ponte | 471.6 | 12,370.5 | 154.8 | |
| Piedade | 1,777.3 | 19.6 | ||
| Ribeiro Santa Maria | 1,287.4 | 13.4 | ||
| Corumbá | 567.5 | 34,071.4 | 417 | |
| Araguari | 475 | 22,091 | 284 | |
| Veríssimo | 200 | 4,533.7 | 48.8 | |
| Jordão | 921.8 | 10.6 | ||
| Bagagem | 1,375.4 | 15.9 | ||
| Perdizes | 1,265.4 | 14.7 | ||
| Dourados | 2,451.6 | 30.3 | ||
| São Marcos | 466.7 | 12,049.7 | 141.4 | |
| Verde | 1,337.1 | 15.8 | ||
| Ribeiro das Minas Vermelhas | 889.1 | 12.1 | ||
| Espirito Santo | 1,035.1 | 13.7 | ||
*Period: 1971–2000
Uses
Together with its tributaries, the Rio Paraná forms a massive drainage basin that encompasses much of the southcentral part of South America, essentially including all of Paraguay, much of southern Brazil, northern Argentina, and the southeastern part of Bolivia. If the Uruguay River is counted as a tributary to the Paraná, this watershed extends to cover most of Uruguay as well. The volume of water flowing into the Atlantic Ocean through the Río de la Plata roughly equals the volume at the Mississippi Riverdelta. This watershed contains a number of large cities, including São Paulo, Buenos Aires, Rosario, Asunción, Brasília, and La Plata.
The Paraná and its tributaries provide a source of income and of daily sustenance for fishermen who live along its banks. Some of the species of fish (such as the surubí and the sábalo) are commercially important, and they are exploited for heavy internal consumption or for export. The Paraná River delta ranks as one of the world's greatest bird-watching destinations.[14]
Much of the length of the Paraná is navigable, as part of the Paraná–Paraguay Waterway and the Tietê–Paraná Waterway.[15][16] The river serves as an important waterway linking inland cities in Argentina and Paraguay with the ocean, providing deepwater ports in some of these cities. The construction of enormous hydroelectric dams along the river's length has blocked its use as a shipping corridor to cities further upstream, but the economic impact of those dams offsets this. The Yacyretá Dam and the Itaipu Dam on the Paraguay border have made the small, largely undeveloped nation of Paraguay the world's largest exporter of hydroelectric power.
Due to its use for oceangoing ships, measurements of the water tables extend back to 1904. The data correlates with the Sun's solar cycle.[17][18]
Navigation rights
The immediate background to the 1966 dispute over navigation rights[19] included the fact that Argentina wanted to build a bridge across the Paraná River, either near Asunción or at some point further south. Paraguay were not in favour and would do nothing to facilitate it unless the navigation issue was resolved. Argentina was also actively seeking an agreement to develop a major hydroelectric facility at the Apipé Rapids. Paraguay, meanwhile, had already implemented the Acaray Dam project, whose output was sufficient to meet Paraguay's energy requirements for the next ten to fifteen years, with a surplus available for export to Brazil and Argentina. The bilateral agreement between Argentina and Paraguay for the construction of a bridge over the river was signed in October 1964.[20]
In late 1965, Paraguay had offered a draft treaty to Argentina. According to the US ambassador of the time, Wiliam P Snow, the Paraguayan proposal, although short on detail, would be well received by Argentina who would be pleased to see Paraguay directing its aggression mainly towards Brazil as a result.
The agreement on navigation rights, endorsing free navigation on the river and requiring that each nation trrat the other's vessels as its own, was signed in January 1973.[21] Construction began on the Itaipú Dam in 1973.
Gallery
- Paraná River source at the border of the states of São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais, in Brazil.
- Confluence of the Iguazu and Parana rivers. The Triple frontier is a bit further in the background center: On the left is Paraguay, on the right Brazil, taken from Argentina.
- Container ship, traveling downstream by the city of Ramallo, Argentina
- Ship docked at Itá Corá, Paraguay
- Astronaut's photo showing a 29-kilometre (18 mi) stretch of the Paraná, just downstream from Goya, Argentina
- Parana river in Posadas, Argentina
- The sun rising over the Paraná River, from northeast of Rosario, Argentina
Map of the Rio de la Plata Basin showing the Paraná River and its major tributaries
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Links across the Paraná
The course of the Paraná is crossed by the following bridges, beginning upstream:
See also
- Tributaries of the Río de la Plata
- Paraná River steamers
References
- ^"Monitoramento da Qualidade das Águas Superficiais da Bacia do Río Paranaíba: Relatório Annual 2007". Governo do Estado de Minas Gerais, Instituto Mineiro de Gestão das Águas. 2008. Archived from the original(PDF in ZIP) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
- ^Río Paraná Guazú at GEOnet Names Server (main distributary)
- ^"Principales campañas". 31 March 2023.
- ^John, M. Nestler; Claudio, R.M. Baigún; Noberto, Oldani; Larry, J. Weber (2007). "Contrasting the Middle Paraná and Mississippi Rivers to develop a template for restoring large floodplain river ecosystems"(PDF). River Basin Management. 5 (4): 305-319. Bibcode:2007IJRBM...5..305N. doi:10.1080/15715124.2007.9635329.
- ^ abc"Parana River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443063/Parana-RiverArchived 2012-04-28 at the Wayback Machine. "Rio de la Plata". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/463804/Rio-de-la-PlataArchived 2015-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ abcdef"Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis for the La Plata Basin".
- ^"Transboundary River Basin Overview–La Plata"(PDF).
- ^Juan, A. Rivera (2024). "Characterization of the recent (2019–2022) La Plata Basin hydrological drought from a centennial-scale perspective". HydroResearch. 7: 140-153. Bibcode:2024HydRe...7..140R. doi:10.1016/j.hydres.2024.02.002.
- ^Luz Adriana, Cuartas; Thais, Fujita; Juliana, Andrade Campos; Cintia, Bertacchi Uvo; Gholamreza, Nikravesh; Jonas, Olsson; Johanna, Sörensen; José Antonio, Marengo; Diogo, Amore; Elisangela, Broedel; Jerusa, Peixoto (2024). "Hydrometeorological drought analysis through Two-variate Standardized Index for the Paraná River Basin, Brazil". Regional Studies. 54 101886. Bibcode:2024JHyRS..5401886C. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101886.
- ^"South America's drought-hit Paraná river at 77-year low". BBC News. 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
- ^"Down river". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^Holmer, Nils m. (1960). "Indian Place Names in South America and the Antilles. I."Names: A Journal of Onomastics. 8 (3): 133–148. doi:10.1179/nam.1960.8.3.133. Retrieved 20 September 2021., pp=139-141.
- ^Eric, Tilman. "Rivers Network–Parana (La Plata)".
- ^Iriondo, Martín H., Juan César Paggi, and María Julieta Parma, eds. The Middle Paraná River: Limnology of a subtropical wetland. Chapter "Birds." Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
- ^United States International Trade Administration (5 March 2024). "Paraguay—Country Commercial Guide: Paraguay–Parana Waterway System".
- ^Malheiros, Gabriel (1 August 2024). "Tietê–Paraná waterway sees 5.8% surge in cargo transport amid infrastructure upgrades". Datamar News.
- ^Pablo J.D. Mauas & Andrea P. Buccino. "Long-term solar activity influences on South American rivers" page 5. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics on Space Climate, March 2010. Accessed: 20 September 2014.
- ^Antico, A.; Kröhling, D. M. (October 2011). "Solar motion and discharge of Paraná River, South America: Evidence for a link". Geophysical Research Letters. 38 (19): n/a. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3819401A. doi:10.1029/2011GL048851. hdl:11336/72975. S2CID 130181708.
- ^Memo to Department of State from American Embassy Ascuncion dated February 2, 1966 SUBJECT : Navigation Rights on the Parané River; Paraguayan- Argentine Dispute PDF
- ^"Republic of Paraguay Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bilateral Treaties (until 1976)".
- ^"Treaty on Navigation of the Paraná, Paraguay and Plata Rivers Signed: Buenos Aires, January 23, 1967".
External links
