Persecution of Yazidis
Extended-protected article

Yazidi refugee children from Sinjar in Newroz Camp, Al-Malikiyah District, August 2014, after the Sinjar massacre.
Ruins of the Yazidi shrine of Mam Rashan in Sinjar mountains after its destruction by the Islamic State.

The persecution of Yazidis has been ongoing since at least 637 CE.[1][2][3][4]Yazidis are an endogamous and mostly Kurmanji-speaking[5] minority, indigenous to Kurdistan,[6] who had also been persecuted when they followed Adawiyya, the predecessor of the Yazidi religion, which has historically been regarded as "devil-worship" among the followers of Abrahamic religions, primarily among Muslims and is still described as such by some, especially by Islamic extremists.[1][7][8][9] Yazidis have been persecuted by surrounding Muslim state entities and groups since the medieval ages, most notably by Ottomans, neighbouring Muslim Arab and Kurdish tribes and principalities.[1][3][10][11] After the 2014 Sinjar massacre of thousands of Yazidis by ISIL, which started the ethnic, cultural, and religious genocide of the Yazidis in Iraq,[1] Yazidis still face discrimination from the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Regional Government.

Early persecution

After some Kurdish tribes became Islamized in the 10th century, they joined in the persecution of Yazidis in the Hakkari mountains.[3][12] Due to their religion, Muslim Kurds persecuted and attacked the Yazidis with particular brutality.[3][2][12][13] Sometimes, during these massacres, Muslim Kurds tried to force the Yazidis to convert to Islam.[14][15][12] Massacres by Muslim Kurds and Turks in the 19th century nearly eradicated the Yazidi population.[16][17]

13th century

In 1254, Sheikh Adī's grand-nephew al-Ḥasan b. 'Adī together with 200 of his supporters were executed by Badr al-Din Lu'Lu, who was a Kurd convert to Islam and Zangid governor of Mosul, Sheikh Adi's tomb at Lalish was then desecrated.

15th century

In 1415, a Shāfi'ī theologian, 'Izz al-Dīn al Hulwānī, with the military support of the Sunni Kurds of the Sindi tribe and the lord of Ḥiṣn Kayfā, attacked Lalish and burnt down the temple. The Yazidis later rebuilt their temple and the tomb of Sheikh Adi.[18][19][20]

The Geli Ali Beg Waterfall in Iraqi Kurdistan is named after the Yazidi leader Ali Beg who was killed there in 1832 by the Kurdish prince Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz.[21]

16th century

In the year 1585, the Yazidis in the Sinjar Mountains were attacked by the Sunni Kurds from Bohtan.[3]

19th century

In the year 1832, about 70,000 Yazidis were killed by the Sunni Kurdish princes Bedir Khan Beg and Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz.[22] During his research trips in 1843, the Russian traveller and orientalist Ilya Berezin mentioned that 7,000 Yazidis were killed by Kurds of Rawandiz on the hills of Nineveh near Mosul, shortly before his arrival.[23] According to many historical reports, the Bedir Khan massacres can today be classified as a genocide.[24]

In 1831, Muhammad Pasha massacred the people of the Kellek village. He then went northward and attacked the entire Yazidi-inhabited foothill country which was located east of Mosul. Some Yazidis managed to take refuge in the neighboring forests and mountain fastnesses, and a few of them managed to escape to distant places.[25]

Many Yazidis from Sheikhan, who had fled from the Kurds but could not cross the Tigris river, gathered on the great mound of Kouyunjik, where they were persecuted and killed by Muhammad Pasha's men.[26]

In 1832, Muhammad Pasha and his troops committed a massacre against the Yazidis in Khatarah. Subsequently, they attacked the Yazidis in Shekhan and killed many of them.[27] In another attempt he and his troops occupied over 300 Yazidi villages. The emir kidnapped over 10,000 Yazidis and sent them to Rawandiz and gave them the ultimatum of converting to Islam or being killed. Most of them converted to Islam and those who refused to convert to Islam were killed.[28]

In 1832, Bedir Khan Beg and his troops committed a massacre against the Yazidis in Shekhan. His men almost killed the whole Yazidi population of Shekhan. Some Yazidis tried to escape to Sinjar.[29][30][31]: 125 When they attempted to escape towards Sinjar, many of them drowned in the Tigris River. Those who could not swim were killed. About 12,000 Yazidis were killed on the bank of the Tigris river by Bedir Khan Beg's men. Yazidi women and children were also kidnapped.[32]

In 1833, the Yazidis who lived in the Aqrah region were again attacked by Muhammad Pasha and his soldiers. The perpetrators killed 500 Yazidis in the Greater Zab. Afterwards, Muhammad Pasha and his troops attacked the Yazidis who lived in Sinjar and killed many of them.[33]

In 1844, Bedir Khan Beg and his men committed a massacre against the Yazidis in the Tur Abdin region. His men also captured many Yazidis and forced them to convert to Islam. The inhabitants of seven Yazidi villages were all forced to convert to Islam.[32]

In the picture in the middle you can see Ali Beg II. (the grandson of the Yazidi leader Ali Beg and the grandfather of Tahseen Said)

Many Yazidis also defended themselves against the attacks. So did Ali Beg, the Yazidi leader in Sheikhan. The Yazidi leader Ali Beg mobilized his forces in order to oppose Muhammad Pasha, who mobilized the Kurdish tribes which lived in the surrounding mountains in order to launch an attack against the Yazidis. Ali Beg's troops were outnumbered and he was captured and killed by Muhammad Pasha.[26]

Late 19th century

After the Ottomans had given the Yazidis a certain legal status in 1849 through repeated interventions by Stratford Canning and Sir Austen Henry Layard,[34] they sent their Ottoman general Omar Wahbi Pasha (later known as "Ferîq Pasha" in the memory of the Yazidis)[34] in 1890[35] or 1892[34] from Mosul to the Yazidis in Shaikhan and again gave the Yazidis an ultimatum to convert to Islam. When the Yazidis refused, the areas of Sinjar and Shaykhan were occupied and another massacre committed among the residents. The Ottoman rulers mobilized the Hamidiye cavalry, later founded in 1891, to take action against the Yazidis. Many Yazidi villages were attacked by the Hamidiye cavalry and the residents were killed. The Yazidi villages of Bashiqa and Bahzani were also raided and many Yazidi temples were destroyed. The Yazidi Mir Ali Beg was captured and held in Kastamonu. The central shrine of the Yazidis Lalish was converted into a Quran school. This condition lasted for twelve years until the Yazidis were able to recapture their main shrine Lalish.[35]

20th century

During the Armenian genocide, many Yazidis were killed[36] by Hamidiye cavalry. According to Aziz Tamoyan, as many as 300,000 Yazidis were killed with the Armenians, while others fled to Transcaucasia.[37]

Many Yazidis found refuge in Armenia as they fled from the Kurds and Turks.[37] Despite the fact that the Yazidis hid 20,000 Christians from the Ottomans in the Sinjar Mountains during the Armenian genocide,[31]: 127–128 the Yazidis faced discrimination in Armenia. Yazidi children tended to hide their identities in schools so they would not be discriminated against.[38] Furthermore, the term "Yezidi" is often used by non-Yazidis as an insult.[39]

According to Arbella Bet-Shlimon, in 1935 the Iraqi Army attacked eleven Yazidi villages, placed Sinjar under martial law, and then sentenced many Yazidi prisoners to death or to long sentences because they had resisted mandatory conscription; some of the prisoners were even paraded in front of a jeering crowd in Mosul that killed one of the captives.[40]

21st century

In the 21st century, Yazidis faced targeted violence from insurgents during the Iraq War, including an April 2007 massacre that killed 23, and the Qahtaniyah bombings, which killed 796, and the Yazidi family massacre (2008) killing seven. The Sinjar Resistance Units (YBŞ) was set up to defend Yazidis in the aftermath of these attacks.[41]

Yazidi commemoration of the genocide on August 3, 2014 in the Kurdish city of Diyarbakır in Turkey (2015)

The genocide of Yazidis by ISIL, which began with the 2014 Sinjar massacre, led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the Yazidis from their ancestral lands in Sinjar. Thousands of Yazidi women and girls were forced into sexual slavery by the Sunnifundamentalist majority-Arab terrorist group ISIL, and thousands of Yazidi men were killed.[42] Five thousand Yazidi civilians were killed[43] during what has been called a "forced conversion campaign"[44][45] being carried out by ISIL in Northern Iraq. The genocide began after the withdrawal of the KRG's Peshmerga militia, which left the Yazidis defenseless.[46][47] Among the reasons for the Peshmerga's retreat was the unwillingness of the Sunnis in the ranks to fight fellow Muslims in the defence of Yazidis.[48] ISIL's persecution of the Yazidis gained international attention and led to another American-led intervention in Iraq, which started with United States airstrikes against ISIL. Kurdistan Workers' Party, People's Protection Units, and Syriac Military Council fighters then opened a humanitarian corridor to the Sinjar Mountains.[49][50][51][52]

Since 2016, many Yazidis in Syria have fled from the Afrin region to the relative safety of the secular Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria,[53] because of fears of persecution by the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army, an overwhelmingly Sunni militia.[54][55]

Kurdistan Region

According to a report by Human Rights Watch, the Kurdish authorities have used heavy-handed tactics against the Yazidis and was accused of kidnapping and beating two Yazidi men belonging to the Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress who criticized the actions of the authorities. After the Kurdish authorities kidnapped them, they gave them two options, either they would accept that they were Kurds or they would confess that they were "terrorists". In addition, the Kurdish officers asked which language they speak. When the Yazidis replied "Yazidi", they were further tortured.[41]

There have also been some demographic changes in Yazidi-majority areas after the fall of Saddam. In the Sheikhan area, which is considered a historic Yazidi stronghold, the Kurdish authorities have allegedly settled Sunni Kurds to strengthen their claim that it should be included within the Kurdistan Region.[56] In modern times, Kurdistan Region is accused of taking over traditional Yazidi settlements.[56][57]

According to Yazidi activists reports, from 2003 to 2012, around 30 Yazidi women and girls were kidnapped and forced into marriage with Asayish members.[58]

Ideological basis

During their history, the Yazidis have mostly been under the pressure of their Muslim neighbors, which led to violence and massacres at times.

Kurdish muftis have given the persecution of Yazidis a religious character and they have also legalized it.[25] Also Kurdish mullahs such as Mahmud Bayazidi viewed the Yazidis as unbelievers.[2]

Yazidi view of the persecutions

VOA report about female Yazidis fighting ISIL from 2016

Remembering persecution is a central part of Yazidi identity.[59] The Yazidis speak of 74 genocides of them in their history and call these genocides "Farman". The number of 72 Farman can be derived from the oral traditions and folk songs of the Yazidis.[60][61] "Farman" meant "decree" in Persian, and referenced the decrees given by the Ottoman government targeting the Yazidis, which were so numerous that the Yazidis began to interpret the word as having meant genocide.[62] The last Farman is number 74 and denotes the genocide of the Yazidis by the IS terrorists.[63][12][13][64][65]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdAllison, Christine (25 January 2017). "The Yazidis". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254. ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8. Archived from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  2. ^ abcAsatrian, Garnik S.; Arakelova, Victoria (2014). "Part I: The One God - Malak-Tāwūs: The Leader of the Triad". The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World. Gnostica. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 1–28. doi:10.4324/9781315728896. ISBN 978-1-84465-761-2. OCLC 931029996.
  3. ^ abcdeNaby, Eden (2009). "Yazīdīs". In Esposito, John (ed.). Yazīdīs. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020.
  4. ^Acikyildiz, Birgul (20 August 2014). The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-78453-216-1.
  5. ^Allison, Christine (20 February 2004). "Yazidis i: General". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  6. ^Fuccaro, Nelida (1999). The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq. London & New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 9. ISBN 1-86064-170-9.
  7. ^Asatrian, Garnik S.; Arakelova, Victoria (3 September 2014). The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-54428-9.
  8. ^van Bruinessen, Martin (1992). "Chapter 2: Kurdish society, ethnicity, nationalism and refugee problems". In Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (eds.). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. London: Routledge. pp. 26–52. ISBN 978-0-415-07265-6. OCLC 919303390.
  9. ^Jalabi, Raya (11 August 2014). "Who are the Yazidis and why is Isis hunting them?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
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  12. ^ abcdKizilhan, Jan Ilhan; Noll-Hussong, Michael (2017). "Individual, collective, and transgenerational traumatization in the Yazidi". BMC Medicine. 15 (1): 198. doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0965-7. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 5724300. PMID 29224572.
  13. ^ abHosseini, S. Behnaz (2020). Trauma and the Rehabilitation of Trafficked Women: The Experiences of Yazidi Survivors. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-07869-5.
  14. ^Franz, Erhard (1994). Population policy in Turkey: family planning and migration between 1960 and 1992. Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 332. ISBN 978-3-89173-034-8. Throughout history, there was no shortage of attempts by Kurdish Muslims to violently convert the Yazidis to Islam.
  15. ^Mazzei, Julie M., ed. (26 April 2017). Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations: Influence, Adaptation, and Change. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-78714-728-7.
  16. ^Travis, Hannibal (2010). Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan. Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-59460-436-2. The Yazidis were nearly wiped out in massacres which were committed against them by Turks and Kurds.
  17. ^Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (18 March 2004). Historical Dictionary of Iraq. Scarecrow Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-8108-6568-6. Massacres at the hands of the Ottoman Turks and Kurdish princes almost wiped out the Yazidis during the 19th century.
  18. ^Acikyildiz, Birgul (20 August 2014). The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-78453-216-1.
  19. ^"Die Religionsgemeinschaft der Yezidi: Weh dem, der nicht ans Höllenfeuer glaubt" [The Yezidi Religious Community: Woe to him who does not believe in Hellfire]. Qantara.de (in German). 30 August 2007. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015.
  20. ^Allison, Christine (25 January 2017). "The Yazidis". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254. ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
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  22. ^Steinvorth, Daniel (22 December 2016). "Jagd auf den Engel Pfau". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  23. ^Field, Henry (1951). "Appendix A: A visit to the Yezidis in 1843 by Ilya Berezin, in The Anthropology of Iraq". iiif.lib.harvard.edu. p. 76. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  24. ^King, Diane E. (31 December 2013). Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq. Rutgers University Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-8135-6354-1.
  25. ^ abJwaideh, Wadie (19 June 2006). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8156-3093-7.
  26. ^ abLayard, Austen Henry (1849). Niniveh and Its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, Or Devil-Worshippers: and an Enquiry Into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians. Murray. p. 275.
  27. ^Jwaideh, Wadie (2006). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8156-3093-7.
  28. ^Nebez, Jemal (14 August 2017). Der kurdische Fürst MĪR MUHAMMAD AL-RAWĀNDIZĪ genannt MĪR-Ī KŌRA: Ein Beitrag zur kurdischen Geschichte [The Kurdish Prince MĪR MUHAMMAD AL-RAWĀNDIZĪ called MĪR-Ī KŌRA: A Contribution to Kurdish History] (in German). epubli. ISBN 978-3-7450-1125-8.
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  31. ^ abLescot, Roger (1938). Enquête sur les Yezidis de Syrie et du Djebel Sindjār [Survey of the Yezidis of Syria and Jebel Sinjar] (in French). Beirut: Institut français de Damas. Retrieved 5 June 2025 – via archive.org.
  32. ^ abTagay, Sefik; Ortac, Serhat. "Die Eziden und das Ezidentum – Geschichte und Gegenwart einer vom Untergang bedrohten Religion" [The Yazidis and Yazidism – Past and Present of a Religion Threatened with Extinction] (PDF). hamburg.de (in German). pp. 49–50.
  33. ^Ateş, Sabri (21 October 2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843-1914. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03365-8.
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  35. ^ abAcikyildiz, Birgul (20 August 2014). The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-78453-216-1.
  36. ^Maisel, Sebastian (30 June 2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. ABC-CLIO. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-4408-4257-3.
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  39. ^"Alternative report on Armenia's implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination"(PDF). ohchr.org. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 8. Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  40. ^Bet-Shlimon, Arbella (October 2022). "Military State: Iraq Faces an Ongoing Crisis of Sovereignty 90 Years After Independence". History Today.
  41. ^ ab"On Vulnerable Ground | Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories". hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 10 November 2009. In one incident, Kurdish intelligence officers arrested two Yazidi activists, Khalil Rashu Alias and Wageed Mendo Hamoo, in May 2007. The two told Human Rights Watch that Kurdish authorities imprisoned the pair for almost six months and tortured them for resisting what they called the Kurdish colonization of their territory in Sinjar.
  42. ^Callimachi, Rukmini (16 August 2018). "Turkish Airstrike in Iraqi Territory Kills a Kurdish Militant Leader". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018.
  43. ^Cetorelli, Valeria (9 May 2017). "Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey". PLOS Medicine. 14 (5) e1002297. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297. PMC 5423550. PMID 28486492.
  44. ^Arraf, Jane (7 August 2014). "Islamic State persecution of Yazidi minority amounts to genocide, UN says". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  45. ^Blair, David (6 June 2015). "Isil's Yazidi 'mass conversion' video fails to hide brutal duress". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  46. ^Phillips, David L. (29 November 2018). The Great Betrayal: How America Abandoned the Kurds and Lost the Middle East. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78673-576-8.
  47. ^Murad, Nadia (7 November 2017). The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity, and My Fight Against the Islamic State. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 978-1-5247-6045-8.
  48. ^Parker, Emily. "Freeing Yazidi Women: Combating a 21st Century Slavery Revival Project". wilsoncenter.org. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
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  51. ^Tagay, Sefik; Ayhan, Dogan; Catani, Claudia; et al. (2017). "The 2014 Yazidi genocide and its effect on Yazidi diaspora". The Lancet. 390 (10106): 1946. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32701-0. PMID 29115224. S2CID 40913754.
  52. ^"Assyrians in Kurdistan arm themselves". Nationalia. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  53. ^Ahmado, Nisan (16 October 2019). "Hundreds of Yazidis Displaced Amid Turkey's Incursion in Northeast Syria". voanews.com. Voice of America. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  54. ^Hincks, Joseph (24 October 2019). "Yezidis in Iraq and Syria Fear Fresh Persecution After Turkey's Offensive". Time. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
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  56. ^ ab"Anfragebeantwortung zum Irak: Lage der JesidInnen, insbesondere in der Provinz Ninawa [a-10353]" [Response to the inquiry on Iraq: Situation of the Yazidis, especially in the Ninewa Province]. ecoi.net (in German). European Country of Origin Information Network. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
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  60. ^Savucu, Halil (10 October 2016). Yeziden in Deutschland: Eine Religionsgemeinschaft zwischen Tradition, Integration und Assimilation [Yazidis in Germany: A Religious Community Between Tradition, Integration and Assimilation] (in German). Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-8288-6547-1.
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  64. ^von Joeden-Forgey, Elisa; McGee, Thomas (1 November 2019). "Editors' Introduction: Palimpsestic Genocide in Kurdistan". Genocide Studies International. 13 (1): 1–9. doi:10.3138/gsi.13.1.01. ISSN 2291-1847. S2CID 208687918.
  65. ^Six-Hohenbalken, Maria (1 November 2019). "The 72nd Firman of the Yezidis: A "Hidden Genocide" during World War I?". Genocide Studies International. 13 (1): 52–76. doi:10.3138/gsi.13.1.04. S2CID 208688838.
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